Pollution, especially plastic pollution, presents a serious worldwide danger to essential environmental resources. Microplastics are tiny plastic fragments varying in size from 50 μm to 5 mm. The primary aim of this article is to develop an extensive review grounded in the latest data accessible until 2024, adhering to PRISMA guidelines. A total of 329 data points were collected and 297 of those were removed through filtering, leaving 32 articles for the study, and taking into account the complete evolution of all the publications. This study seeks to enhance public awareness and knowledge among researchers about the harmful effects of plastic pollution on the environment and society by identifying its sources and consequences for humans and ecosystems. A detailed analysis of the sources of microplastics in the oceans and their detrimental effects on marine organisms is presented. This research additionally explores the transport of microplastics through various environmental pathways, including water and air. Aquatic species ingest microplastics, which subsequently transfer up the food chain, including humans, and these risks are discussed. Microplastics may increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to DNA and cellular damage, oxidative stress, alterations in gene expression, and decreased cell viability. Developing clear and effective guidelines and regulations is crucial for addressing the adverse issues related to microplastics. All participants in the policymaking and implementation of these guidelines must understand their roles and responsibilities.

In the twenty-first century, cognitive impairment is a significant health problem. Function is substantially impaired by a number of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinsonism, schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, Alzheimer’s disease and other types of cognitive impairment, cerebrovascular disabilities, seizure-related disorders, and brain traumas. Over time, a number of chemical messengers and signaling molecules have been identified as potential targets for treatment, and tests have been performed against these targets using both conventional and novel chemicals. Phytochemicals derived from medicinal plants are essential for preserving the chemical balance of the central nervous system because they change the activity of major inhibitory receptors that receive neurotransmitters. Many herbs have been used in conventional medicine to treat cognitive problems. Although the presence of receptors that are responsible or transporters for compounds called polyphenols and other phytochemicals in brain regions remains to be determined, multiple target substances seem to be a promising class of treatment options for treating disorders with multifactorial origins. Additional studies suggest that flavonoids possess significant anti-inflammatory properties in the brain, making them a promising therapeutic option for conditions such as ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, as well as chronic neuroinflammatory disorders like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. This review highlights how phytochemicals contribute to the protection against brain disorders and explores the underlying mechanisms involved in their action. It also emphasizes the core biological processes, providing deeper insight into the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals in the treatment of neurological conditions.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by immune system dysregulation, impacting both central and peripheral immune responses. The study aimed to investigate the mechanism behind the neurotoxic effects of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in the rat brain including the study of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and alterations in peripheral immune responses (PIR). The neuroinflammation brought on by Aβ _1–42 and is unknown to influence PIR. Animal models were prepared, after 28 days, control, sham, and treated rats were anaesthetized and inflammatory markers of hippocampus and serum levels (reactive oxygen species, nitrite, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-1β), and some markers of PIR (splenic mononuclear cells or MNC, cytotoxicity and phagocytic index of the white blood cells leukocyte adhesion inhibition index or LAI), as well as polymorphonuclear cells of the spleen, were assessed. In addition to changes in peripheral immune responses, the present study found that AD rats had higher blood levels of inflammatory markers. Based on the study, the immune system irregularities observed in AD rats in the peripheral regions might be connected to neuroinflammation, which is facilitated by a compromised blood–brain barrier. Hence, it is viable to propose that the neuroinflammatory condition in rats with Aβ-induced AD could modify immune responses in the peripheral areas with significantly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines markers in the hippocampal tissue in Aβ-injected AD rats.

Climate change poses significant threats to global agricultural productivity, necessitating innovative strategies to ensure food security and ecological sustainability. One promising avenue lies in the deliberate design and deployment of synthetic microbiomes and engineered rhizospheres to enhance plant resilience under environmental stress. This review places particular emphasis on multi-kingdom microbial interactions including bacteria, fungi, protists, and archaea and their potential for tailored, stress-specific applications within engineered rhizosphere systems. By integrating knowledge from microbial ecology, genomics, and systems biology, researchers have begun to unravel the complex interactions between plants and their associated microbial communities. Engineered microbial assemblies tailored to specific host plants and environmental conditions have shown potential in stabilizing crop performance during drought, salinity, and nutrient limitations. Moreover, the manipulation of root exudation patterns and soil physicochemical properties can be harnessed to recruit beneficial microbes and suppress harmful ones. The review also examines the role of synthetic biology tools, such as CRISPR-based genome editing and metabolic pathway engineering, in optimizing microbial traits for enhanced plant support. However, knowledge gaps remain in understanding multi-kingdom dynamics, optimizing SynComs for specific environmental contexts, and translating laboratory successes to reliable, field-scale applications. Additionally, advances in high-throughput screening, machine learning, and metagenomic profiling are accelerating the identification of key microbial taxa and functions relevant to plant health. Despite these promising developments, challenges remain in scaling these approaches for field applications and ensuring their ecological safety and consistency. This review explores the need for interdisciplinary efforts to translate laboratory insights into field-ready technologies, ultimately contributing to the development of climate-resilient and sustainable agricultural systems.

Carbon-based nanoparticles possess distinctive chemical, physical, and biological characteristics that render them suitable for biomedical uses. This paper reviews recent advancements in CBN synthesis methods, emphasizing the importance of careful modification for biomedical uses, particularly in the passivation of drugs and chemicals on their surfaces. This review article examines information from 2021-2024 regarding carbon-based nanoparticles and the biomedical uses of graphene, fullerene, carbon nanotubes, nano horns, nanodiamonds, quantum dots, and graphene oxide. Initially, a total of 5,612 relevant data points from various databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science were analyzed. After eliminating duplicates, nearly 3,905 data points were found to meet the inclusion criteria for this study, with the latest research indicating that 1,791 (45.8%) of these databases pertained to graphene. Carbon nanotubes accounted for approximately 928 (25.14%) databases, while graphene oxide represented around 837 (21.43%) databases, placing them in second and third positions, respectively. Nanohorns and fullerene were found in very minor quantities, specifically 34 (0.87%) and 06 (0.15%) in the database. Carbon-based nanomaterials, have the capacity to revolutionize biological medicine by improving regenerative treatments, personalized healthcare, and therapeutic outcomes. They are utilized in scaffolding, drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, and additional fields. Nonetheless, successful integration necessitates tackling scale and regulatory limitations.