Age, as a threshold of floral competence acquisition, prevents precocious flowering when there is insufficient biomass, and ensures flowering independent of environmental conditions; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, silencing the expression of a nuclear factor gene, CmNF-YB8, from the short day plant chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium), results in precocious transition from juvenile to adult, as well as early flowering, regardless of day length conditions. The expression of SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING-LIKE (SPL) family members, SPL3, SPL5, and SPL9, is upregulated in CmNF-YB8-RNAi plants, while expression of the microRNA, cmo-MIR156, is downregulated. In addition, CmNF-YB8 is shown to bind to the promoter of the cmo-MIR156 gene. Ectopic expression of cmo-miR156, using a virus-based microRNA expression system, restores the early flowering phenotype caused by CmNF-YB8 silencing. These results show that CmNF-YB8 influences flowering time through directly regulating the expression of cmo-MIR156 in the aging pathway.

The global proteome and ubiquitylome were negatively correlated, and ubiquitination could be involved in the degradation of proteins during ethylene-mediated co

Silencing of petunia tRNA-specific methyltransferase 61A decreases mRNA m1A levels, leading to abnormal leaf development.

Drought is a major abiotic stress that limits plant growth and development. Adaptive mechanisms have evolved to mitigate drought stress, including the capacity to adjust water loss rate and to modify the morphology and structure of the epidermis. Here, we show that the expression of CmNF‐YB8, encoding a nuclear factor Y (NF‐Y) B‐type subunit, is lower under drought conditions in chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium). Transgenic chrysanthemum lines in which transcript levels of CmNF‐YB8 were reduced by RNA interference (CmNF‐YB8‐RNAi) exhibited enhanced drought resistance relative to control lines, whereas lines overexpressing CmNF‐YB8 (CmNF‐YB8‐OX) were less tolerant to drought. Compared to wild type (WT), CmNF‐YB8‐RNAi plants showed reduced stomatal opening and a thicker epidermal cuticle that correlated with their water loss rate. We also identified genes involved in stomatal adjustment (CBL‐interacting protein kinase 6, CmCIPK6) and cuticle biosynthesis (CmSHN3) that are more highly expressed in CmNF‐YB8‐RNAi lines than in WT, CmCIPK6 being a direct downstream target of CmNF‐YB8. Virus‐induced gene silencing of CmCIPK6 or CmSHN3 in the CmNF‐YB8‐RNAi background abolished the effects of CmNF‐YB8‐RNAi on stomatal closure and cuticle deposition, respectively. CmNF‐YB8 thus regulates CmCIPK6 and CmSHN3 expression to alter stomatal movement and cuticle thickness in the leaf epidermis, thereby affecting drought resistance.

Augmented reality (AR) technology, as a computer simulation technology, combines various technologies such as virtual reality, computer vision, computer network, and human-computer interaction. AR has been widely used in medicine. The introduction of AR can effectively help doctors complete preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, postoperative evaluation and medical training. Oral medicine is a major branch of modern medicine. AR can enhance the doctor’s visual system, making the internal structure of the oral clearer and effectively reducing the difficulty of oral repair/surgery. Real-time tracking, registration, display, and interactive technologies for AR will play an important role in oral medicine. Among them, the registration technology has become an important indicator for evaluating the AR system, and it is also the main bottleneck restricting the stability and applicability of the current AR system. Therefore, we reviewed the registration technology of AR in oral medicine. Firstly, we conducted a hot spot analysis of AR keywords based on Citespace. And then, the registration technology is divided into static registration and real-time registration according to the actual clinical application, among which static registration is divided into rigid registration and non-rigid registration. We discussed problems and limitations of static registration and real-time registration in oral applications at this stage. Finally, the future direction of AR registration technology in oral medicine is proposed.