Nanoparticles densely coated with poly(ethylene glycol) rapidly penetrate within mouse, rat, and human brain parenchyma.

Debunking the mucoadhesion myth: Nonsticky particles for enhanced pulmonary drug delivery.

Significance: There are no effective therapies currently available for advanced pancreatic cancer. We show that there are two populations of cancer cells within a pancreatic tumor that require targeting by different metabolic inhibitors for effective tumor control. Rapidly dividing cells use glutamine, and can be effectively killed by administration of a nanoparticle containing an inhibitor of glutamine metabolism. Hypoxic cells, which are slowly dividing cells, metabolize glucose and can be targeted by metformin, a drug used for the treatment of diabetes. Clinical trials are needed to determine whether combination therapy, with drugs that effectively block the metabolism of glutamine and glucose, improves the survival of patients with pancreatic cancer.