Livestock farming is a livelihood activity and is critically important for the food and nutritional security of the majority of the population in West African countries, including Senegal. Nevertheless, livestock farming operates far below the optimum production potential, mainly due to demographical, biophysical, economic, environmental, and sociopolitical challenges. To address these issues, we conducted this review with an overall objective of characterizing different livestock farming systems and to identify challenges and opportunities to improve livestock production in West Africa through the broader perspectives from the case of Senegal. Pastoral, agropastoral, and off-land systems are the three major livestock production systems in this region, which are unique in terms of agroclimatology and degree of intensification and integration. The major challenges identified in livestock farming systems are lack of pasture and quality feed, scarcity of water resources, climate change, undeveloped breeding and management of livestock, poor marketing and trade, and socioeconomic constraints. Moreover, we contribute to the literature on crop-livestock farming in Senegal and West Africa by proposing plausible interventions to improve the productivity of the farming system to improve food and nutritional security. Concentrated efforts must be taken in co-designing effective management interventions for sustainable intensification of livestock sector in the region, considering site-specific approaches.

Potato is one of the key food crops and China is the largest potato producer in the world. However water scarcity is the major constraint to increase the productivity of potato in the arid regions such as Ningxia in northwest China where this crop is extensively cultivated. The overall objective of this study was to optimize the irrigation for potato cultivated under the drip irrigation. To do this, the AquaCrop model was calibrated and validated using the data obtained from two years of field experiment. Then, the calibrated crop model was used to simulate growth and tuber yield of potato in response to 30 different irrigation schemes under two different irrigation scenarios. The crop model evaluation parameters namely, the root mean square error (RMSE), the index of agreement (d), the normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) and the coefficient of determination (R²) showed that the AquaCrop model could simulate the growth and yield of potato under the drip irrigation with different irrigation treatments with reasonable accuracy. Furthermore, yield of potato has increased with increasing amount of total irrigation under drip irrigation; however, yield begins to decline when the amount of total irrigation exceeds 2500 m³ ha^-1. The study also found that the optimum irrigation schedule for potato was 20 mm of irrigation quota at 7 days of irrigation cycle (i.e., 1800 m³ ha^-1 or 180 mm of total irrigation). The above irrigation scheduling has achieved 46.77 t ha^-1 of tuber yield with 15.74 kg m^-3 of water use efficiency. These findings may be evaluated in potato cultivation across different climate and soil conditions for wide applicability at different arid regions of the world.