The textile industry generated a series of synthetic dyestuffs that threatened environmental protection. Azo dyes, widely utilized in textile, paper, fruit, leathers, cosmeceuticals and pharmaceutical fields, account for most of the dyestuffs made. Since they have colour fastness properties, stability, and susceptibility to oxidation, existing effluent treatment methods cannot entirely strip different dyes from effluents. Under certain environmental factors, bacteria decolourize and degrade dyes. The treatment process is cheap, environmentally safe, and can be used on various dyes. However, textile plant wastewater can produce many polluting chemicals and dyes. Environmental legislation is increasingly being enacted to regulate mainly azo-based dyes in the environment. The potential of the microbes for the decolourization of dyes and metabolizing them is long-known knowledge. The toxic components of dyes challenge a potential threat to all the living forms of life. Though both natural and synthetic dyes are used for the colourization of textiles, only synthetic ones are challenging to decolourize. Microbial-based bioremediation of dyes has been studied and reviewed primarily to accelerate dye degradation. The various piece of the literature revealed that the majority of these dye removal microbes belong to mainly white-rot fungi, a consortium of anaerobic bacteria. In addition to this, there are several (genetically engineered microorganisms) GEMs that remediate dyes efficiently. Here in the current review, the authors have tried to bridge the existing gap in the bioremediation of dyestuff. Moreover, the authors have also tried to provide the latest trend in this field. This study will surely benefit the industries and researchers related to dyestuffs by maintaining eco-friendly approaches.

The objective of the study was to assess the levels and diagnostic accuracy of salivary osteocalcin (OC), osteonectin (ON), and deoxypyridinoline-containing degradation fragment of the C-terminal telopeptide region of type I collagen (CTX) in adult smokers with periodontal bone destruction. Towards this, ninety systemically healthy patients (groups I: healthy, II: periodontitis with non-smokers, and III: periodontitis with current smokers) were included in the study. The results showed a positive correlation (weak to moderate) was observed for OC, ON, and CTX with probing pocket depth (PPD; r = 0.40, 0.32, and 0.36) and alveolar bone loss (BL; r = 0.58, 0.38, and 0.51) (p < 0.01). Smoker periodontitis was best discriminated from healthy controls using 15.25 ng/mL of OC (AUC: 0.870; 95% CI: 0.757–0.943; YI (Youden Index): 0.693; p < 0.0001). However, with a cut-off of BL at 33.33%, 19.24 ng/mL of salivary OC gave the best discrimination (AUC: 0.809; 95% CI: 0.686–0.900; Se: 80.0%; Sp: 73.47%, and YI: 0.534). A 16.45 ng/mL amount of OC gave excellent discrimination (AUC: 0.811; 95% CI: 0.688–0.901; Se: 92.31%; Sp: 65.22%, and YI: 0.575) among healthy and smoker periodontitis when PD at 6mm was considered as cut-off. Conclusion: The best discrimination between healthy controls and smoker periodontitis was obtained at 15.25 ng/mL of salivary OC.

Due to the declining land resources over the past few decades, the intensification of land uses has played a significant role in balancing the ever-increasing demand for food in developing nations such as India. To optimize agricultural land uses, one of the crucial indicators is cropping intensity, which measures the number of times a single parcel of land is farmed. Therefore, it is imperative to create a timely and accurate cropping intensity map so that landowners and agricultural planners can use it to determine the best course of action for the present and for the future. In the present study, we have developed an algorithm on Google Earth Engine (GEE) to depict cropping patterns and further fused it with a GIS environment to depict cropping intensity in the arid western plain zone of Rajasthan, India. A high-resolution multi-temporal harmonized product of the Sentinel-2 dataset was incorporated for depicting the growth cycle of crops for the year 2020–2021 using the greenest pixel composites. Kharif and Rabi accounted for 73.44% and 26.56% of the total cultivated area, respectively. Only 7.42% was under the double-cropped area to the total cultivated area. The overall accuracy of the classified image was 90%. For the Kharif crop, the accuracy was 95%, while for Rabi and the double-cropped region, the accuracy was 88%, with a kappa coefficient of 0.784. The present study was able to depict the seasonal plantation system in arid arable land with higher accuracy. The proposed work can be used to monitor cropping patterns and cost-effectively show cropping intensities.

Antibiotic resistance in bacterial species is opening new avenues to search for alternative modes of antimicrobial treatment, medicinal plant extracts being one among them. The aim of this study was to access the possibility of medicinal plant extract from Shih in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations for oral hygiene specifically for the prevention and treatment of dental caries due to Streptococcus mutans. Antimicrobial effects of crude organic extract of Shih on S. mutans isolated from the saliva were examined by taking S. mutans with culture media only (−ve control); S. mutans treated with the antibiotic gentamicin (+ve control) and S. mutans treated with Shih. Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were Determination by Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride (INT) colorimetric assay Time-kill dynamic assay was performed using broth microdilution method. The metabolic reason behind the bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect were studied by measuring the glucose utilization by the microbes, pH as a measure of acid production, nucleic acids quantitation to check the DNA status and inhibition of water-insoluble glucan synthesis were undertaken. Shih MIC for S. mutans was at 2.5 mg/ml and MBC was 4 mg/ml. S. mutans bacterial population started reclining within 60 min of incubation with Shih at MBC. Utilization of added glucose was very high at MIC due to bacteria overcoming the stress, whereas at MBC its utilization was less. Accordingly pH also became acidic to 2.9 with MIC and 4.03 with MBC. There was a great degree of inhibition in the formation of nucleic acids indicating this crude extract interferes with DNA replication. Inhibition of glucan synthesis was to the tune of 45% as compared to control. Thus we conclude that Shih has potentially effective antibacterial activity hence it can be proposed as a potentially effective antiplaque and anticariogenic agent in the form of mouth wash or gum paint. However, the cytotoxicity of the extract needs to be evaluated in in-vitro and in-vivo conditions before it is considered as a safe antiplaque and anticariogenic agent.