Indonesia is the largest archipelagic country in the world, with 17,000 islands of varying sizes and elevations, from lowlands to very high mountains, stretching more than 5000 km eastward from Sabang in Aceh to Merauke in Papua. Although occupying only 1.3% of the world’s land area, Indonesia possesses the third-largest rainforest and the second-highest level of biodiversity, with very high species diversity and endemism. However, during the last two decades, Indonesia has been known as a country with a high level of deforestation, a producer of smoke from burning forests and land, and a producer of carbon emissions. The aim of this paper is to review the environmental history and the long process of Indonesian forest management towards achieving environmental sustainability and community welfare. To do this, we analyze the milestones of Indonesian forest management history, present and future challenges, and provide strategic recommendations toward a viable Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) system. Our review showed that the history of forestry management in Indonesia has evolved through a long process, especially related to contestation over the control of natural resources and supporting policies and regulations. During the process, many efforts have been applied to reduce the deforestation rate, such as a moratorium on permitting primary natural forest and peat land, land rehabilitation and soil conservation, environmental protection, and other significant regulations. Therefore, these efforts should be maintained and improved continuously in the future due to their significant positive impacts on a variety of forest areas toward the achievement of viable SFM. Finally, we conclude that the Indonesian government has struggled to formulate sustainable forest management policies that balance economic, ecological, and social needs, among others, through developing and implementing social forestry instruments, developing and implementing human resource capacity, increasing community literacy, strengthening forest governance by eliminating ambiguity and overlapping regulations, simplification of bureaucracy, revitalization of traditional wisdom, and fair law enforcement.

Indonesia has around 4000 wood species, and 10% (400) of species are categorized as commercial wood. One species is kayu kuku (Pericopsis mooniana Thwaites), native to Southeast Sulawesi. This species is considered a fancy wood used for sawn timber, veneer, plywood, carving, and furniture. The high demand for wood caused excessive logging and threatened its sustainability. In addition, planting P. mooniana has presented several challenges, including seedling production, viability and germination rate, nursery technology, and silviculture techniques. As a result, the genera of Pericopsis, including P. elata (Europe), P. mooniana (Sri Lanka), and P. angolenses (Africa), have been listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Appendix. Based on The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, P. mooniana is categorized as Vulnerable (A1cd). This conservation status has raised issues regarding its biodiversity, conservation, and sustainability in the near future. This paper aims to review the conservation of potential and endangered species of P. mooniana and highlight some efforts for its species conservation and sustainable use in Indonesia. The method used is a systematic literature review based on P. mooniana’s publication derived from various reputable journal sources and additional literature sources. The results revealed that the future demand for P. mooniana still increases significantly due to its excellent wood characteristics. This high demand should be balanced with both silviculture techniques and conservation efforts. The silviculture of P. mooniana has been improved through seed storage technology, improved viability and germination rates, proper micro and macro propagation, applying hormones, in vitro seed storage, improved nursery technology, and harvesting techniques. P. mooniana conservation can be conducted with both in situ and ex situ conservation efforts. In situ conservation is carried out by protecting its mother trees in natural conditions (i.e., Lamedae Nature Reserve) for producing good quality seeds and seedlings. Ex situ conservation is realized by planting seeds and seedlings to produce more wood through rehabilitating and restoring critical forests and lands due to its ability to adapt to marginal land and mitigate climate change. Other actions required for supporting ex situ conservation are preventing illegal logging, regeneration, conservation education, reforestation, agroforestry system applied in private and community lands, and industrial forest plantations.

Research on the analysis of the anatomy of the stomatal and trichomes of the medicinal plant Dandang Gendis Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau in Makassar City. This study aims to determine the anatomical structure of the stomatal and trichomes of longitudinal cross-section of leaves that are used as herbal medicines. This research method was used to spread acetone to obtain stomatal prints on the leaf surface, the data were analyzed descriptively. The results of the analysis of the anatomy of the stomatal and trichomes of leaves of the medicinal plant Dandang Gendis Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau was a diacytic type of stomatal, the spread of stomatal was only found on the surface of the abaxial leaf including the apple type. The number of abaxial stomatal was 160 stomatal/mm2. The number of epidermal cells was 748 epidermis/mm2 and abaxial 504 epidermis/mm2, stomatal index 23.95%, and stomatal size 159.26 µm. On the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the leaves of Dandang Gendis Clinacanthus nutans (Burm.f.) Lindau, glandular and lithocyst trichomes were encountered.

Analisis vegetasi dilakukan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar sebaran berbagai spesies dalam suatu area melalui pengamatan langsung. Oleh karena itu maka dilakukan penelitian mengenai analisis vegetasi tumbuhan bawah berkhasiat obat pada sistem agrisilvikultur di Lembang Sereale Toraja Utara. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode analisis deskriptif kualitatatif. Hasil penelitian jenis tumbuhan bawah berkhasiat obat pada sistem agrisilvikultur dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat 9 jenis dari 7 familia tanaman bawah berkhasiat obat yang dibudidayakan oleh masyarakat dalam sistem agrisilvikultur. Indeks Nilai Penting (INP) pada tanaman bawah berkhasiat obat tertinggi adalah jenis Colocasia esculenta sebanyak 103,05% merupakan tanaman yang dominan dan terendah pada jenis tanaman Sauropus androgymus dan Orthosiphon aristatus sebanyak 3,82% merupakan jenis yang tidak dominan. Sistem agrisilvikultur di Lembang Sereale memiliki indeks kekayaan jenis termasuk dalam kategori rendah (R = 1,508), nilai indeks keanekaragaman jenis berada pada kategori rendah (H’ = 0,843), dan nilai indeks kemerataan jenis kategori rendah (E = 0,383).

Research on the characterization of stromata leaves of herbal plants Andredera cordifolia and Gratophyllum pictum in Makassar. This study aims to determine the morphological structure of leaves and stomata leaves that are used as herbal plants. Stomata data was used by acetone to get stomata mold, the data were analyzed descriptively. The result of research show that Andredera cordifolia are anisocytic stomata type, 30 stomata/mm2 abaxial stomata, 512 epidermis/mm2 and 368 epidermis/mm2 abaxial, potato stomata spreading in both leaf surface, bigger abaxial stomata size 887,330 μm , longest abaxial stomata greater than 25 μm and 8.0% stomata index. Gratophyllum pictum type stomata diasistik, stomata number 292 stomata/mm2, number of epidermis adaxial 1400 epidermis/mm2 and abaxial 1080 epidermis/mm2, apple stomata spread, staple abaxial smaller size 682,560 μm, and stomata index 21,3%.

Mangrove ecosystems are vital for mitigating climate change due to their ability to sequester carbon. This study evaluates the carbon sequestration potential of mangroves in Demak District, Central Java, Indonesia and explores its implications for climate action and environmental policy. The research highlights that mangrove species such as Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina are particularly effective at capturing carbon, with the former demonstrating the highest capacity among the species studied. The economic valuation of carbon sequestration underscores the significant financial benefits, particularly when integrating mangrove conservation into voluntary and regulated carbon markets. Despite the benefits of carbon sequestration, the district faces challenges in balancing its carbon emissions with sequestration, as current emissions exceed the sequestration capacity, hindering the achievement of net-zero emissions. However, the ongoing expansion of mangrove areas in the district offers a promising avenue to enhance carbon sequestration and improve the district’s overall carbon balance. Accordingly, the findings underscore the need for strengthened mangrove restoration programs, legal protections, and integration of these efforts into broader climate policies, contributing to Indonesia’s national and global sustainability goals.