Background: Moringa oleifera is one of the most nutrient-packed species, commonly known as the drumstick tree or miracle tree, and has garnered substantial popularity for its health benefits, phytochemical profile, and therapeutic potential. Moringa oleifera is a plant that is native to the Indian subcontinent and has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years owing to its nutritional and therapeutic properties. Methods: The leaves, seeds, pods, roots, and flowers of this plant are enriched with a wide range of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, vitamins, minerals, and essential amino acids. Therefore, it is considered a reservoir crop for both nutritional and medicinal applications. Result: The recent rediscovery of the plant is at the forefront of changes in nutrition, medicine, and public health. Owing to its varied clinical applications, the plant is a potential candidate for research in new drug development and functional foods. Conclusions: Potential applications of Moringa compounds in the treatment of chronic diseases include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial (bacterial or fungal), and anticancerous effects. In this review, various phytochemical extraction techniques, therapeutic properties, and applications are discussed.

Milk thistle seeds contain silymarin, a powerful hepatoprotective compound known to shield liver cells from toxins, increase glutathione levels, and promote cell regeneration. Silybin, one of the key components of silymarin, is highly valued by herbalists due to its minimal side effects. Silymarin is ubiquitously distributed across diverse geographic regions, encompassing Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia, North and South America, India, and China. Silymarin comprises an array of compounds, specifically silydianin, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, silybin A, and silydianin flavonoids. Its pharmacological applications are multifaceted, including antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. Milk thistle seeds additionally exhibit anti-spasmodic, neuroprotective, antiviral, immunomodulant, and cardioprotective characteristics. They can even enhance milk secretion and help treat uterine disorders. Such an in-depth inquiry is poised to facilitate the meticulous assessment by researchers of its efficacy in therapeutic applications. Additionally, silymarin exhibits changes in cellular transporter, P-glycoprotein, as well as estrogenic and nuclear receptors. It also impedes apoptosis and follicular development during in vitro fertilization, making it a promising option in complementary medicine. This documented evidence is useful in safeguarding vital organs against an array of maladies, encompassing cancer, in vitro fertilization, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, viral hepatitis challenges, neurotoxicity, depressive disorders, and pulmonary and prostate disorders. This scholarly article undertakes a comprehensive exploration of the pharmacognostic, morphological, ethnobotanical, and pharmacological importance of Silybum marianum.

Recent research has introduced numerous nano-drug delivery technologies into the biomedical field, with carbon dots (CDs) standing out as a significant breakthrough in nanomaterials. Known as “emerging light” due to their unique structural features and adaptability, CDs are a particular type of carbon-based nanoparticle. These characteristics make CDs highly versatile and attractive for a wide range of applications, including biosensing, bioimaging, and drug delivery. The remarkable properties of CDs have made them central to nanotechnology and medical research. Their effective electron transferability and photo-blinking effects enhance their efficiency in imaging and sensing applications, ensuring safety for use in biological systems. CDs also exhibit a high photoluminescent quantum yield, making them highly efficient light emitters. Their exceptional resistance to photobleaching and photo-decomposition extends their usefulness in longterm applications. Additionally, CDs possess strong electrocatalytic activity, excellent water solubility, and long-term chemical stability, making them both effective and durable. Their low toxicity and cost-effectiveness further enhance their suitability for widespread use. CDs' high surface area-to-volume ratio increases their utility in various applications. Recent advancements have highlighted the potential of CDs as nanocarriers for biological applications, such as gene, vaccine, and antiviral drug delivery. The easy modification of their physico-chemical properties to suit specific applications underscores their versatility. This review article provides a comprehensive summary of the latest developments in carbon dots, covering their characteristics, synthesis techniques, properties, classification, and applications.