Biofilms are structured microbial communities that pose significant challenges to food safety and quality within the food-processing industry. Their formation on equipment and surfaces enables persistent contamination, microbial resistance, and recurring outbreaks of foodborne illness. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on biofilm formation mechanisms, genetic regulation, and the unique behavior of multi-species biofilms. The review evaluates modern detection and monitoring technologies, including PCR, biosensors, and advanced microscopy, and compares their effectiveness in industrial contexts. Real-world outbreak data and a global economic impact analysis underscore the urgency for more effective regulatory frameworks and sanitation innovations. The findings highlight the critical need for integrated, proactive biofilm management approaches to safeguard food safety, reduce public health risks, and minimize economic losses across global food sectors.

Campylobacter spp. represents one of the most frequently incriminated pathogens in the evolution of foodborne gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Alongside Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp., Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes, these pathogens represent a principal threat to public health because they are vehiculated to humans via food products and many of them have developed alarming resistance to different classes of antimicrobials. Thus, the present study aimed to provide scientifically relevant data on the public health risk represented by Campylobacter spp., contamination of chicken carcasses at the slaughterhouse and retail levels, and the antimicrobial resistance of the isolated strains. A total of 130 samples collected from slaughterhouses (n = 40) and retail stores (n = 90) were analyzed using standardized microbiological methods (ISO 10272-1:2017). Of these, the overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was 27.7%, with a prevalence at the slaughterhouse level of 32.5% and at the retail level of 25.5%. Following antimicrobial resistance profile determinations using the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion assay, the isolated strains showed resistance to the following antimicrobials in descending order: ciprofloxacin (41.6%), tetracycline (25.0%), chloramphenicol (16.6%), gentamicin (11.1%), ertapenem (5.6%), and erythromycin (2.8%). The study results confirm that chicken meat may pose a threat to public health and, moreover, that due to the widespread use of antimicrobials, a large number of strains have developed antimicrobial resistance, leading to difficulties in the treatment of various foodborne diseases.

Game meat is derived from non-domesticated, free-ranging wild animals and plays an important role in human nutrition, but it is recognized as a source of food-borne and drug-resistant pathogens impacting food safety. The present review aimed to provide a comprehensive analysis of the frequency of isolation and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles of major foodborne pathogens from the Enterobacteriaceae, including Salmonella, Escherichia, and Yersinia genera, in wild ungulates, across Europe in the 21st century. A systematic search was conducted via the Google Scholar database using the PRISMA guidelines. In this regard, the content of a total of 52 relevant scientific publications from both European Union (n = 10) and non-European Union countries (n = 3) was processed, highlighting the main scientific achievements and indicating knowledge gaps and future perspectives. The studies highlighted that Salmonella spp. was the most commonly encountered pathogen, and significant AMR levels were noticed for the isolated strains, especially against penicillin (32.8%) and amoxicillin (32.1%). This review underscores the importance of monitoring the presence of food-borne pathogens and their AMR in wildlife as important public health and food safety concerns.

Background: Campylobacter spp. are leading foodborne pathogens, with increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) posing a critical public health threat. While broiler chickens have been widely studied, turkeys represent an underexplored reservoir. The present study investigates Campylobacter spp. in turkeys, focusing on isolation frequency, resistance, and virulence within the context of One Health. Methods: A total of 182 cecal samples were collected from slaughtered turkeys in Romania. Isolation and identification of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli followed ISO 10272-1:2017 guidelines. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was conducted via broth microdilution, and molecular analyses using PCR targeted species identification, resistance determinants, and virulence-associated genes. Results: Campylobacter spp. were detected in 75.8% of samples, with C. jejuni and C. coli accounting for 54.3% and 45.7%, respectively. High resistance rates were observed to ciprofloxacin (89.9%) and tetracycline (85.5%), with moderate resistance to erythromycin and ertapenem. No resistance was found to gentamicin or chloramphenicol. Genotypic analyses confirmed the presence of resistance genes (e.g., tetO, gyrA—Thr-86-Ile mutation, ermB, cmeB) and widespread virulence genes (flaA, cadF, cdtAB, ciaB), supporting phenotypic results. Conclusions: The survey highlights turkeys as a significant but neglected source of resistant and virulent Campylobacter spp., with implications for food safety and public health. The convergence of AMR and virulence aspects calls for integrated surveillance and control strategies across veterinary and human health sectors, supporting the One Health strategy.

Background/Objectives: Staphylococcus aureus is a major pathogen of concern in raw milk due to its potential to cause foodborne illness and its increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In Romania, data on the occurrence and resistance patterns of S. aureus in raw sheep milk from traditional farming systems remain limited. This study investigated the presence and antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus in 106 raw sheep milk samples collected from traditional farms in the Banat region of western Romania. Methods: Coagulase-positive staphylococci (CPS) were enumerated using ISO 6888-1:2021 protocols. Isolates were identified at the species level using the Vitek 2 system and molecularly confirmed via PCR targeting the 16S rDNA and nuc genes. Methicillin resistance was assessed by detecting the mecA gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Vitek 2 AST-GP79 card. Results: CPS were detected in 69 samples, with S. aureus confirmed in 34.9%. The mecA gene was identified in 13.5% of S. aureus isolates, indicating the presence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). Resistance to at least two antimicrobials was observed in 97.3% of isolates, and 33 strains (89.2%) met the criteria for multidrug resistance (MDR). The most frequent MDR phenotype involved resistance to lincomycin, macrolides, β-lactams, tetracyclines, and aminoglycosides. Conclusions: The high prevalence of S. aureus, including MRSA and MDR strains, in raw sheep milk from traditional farms represents a potential public health risk, particularly in regions where unpasteurized dairy consumption persists. These findings underscore the need for enhanced hygiene practices, prudent antimicrobial use, and AMR monitoring in small-scale dairy systems.

This study investigated the bacteriological quality of raw ovine milk produced by farms located in the Banat region of Romania. Additionally, the pathogenic potential and antimicrobial resistance of the isolated Escherichia coli strains were evaluated. A total of 95.8% (69/72) of the screened bulk tank milk samples, collected at the farm level immediately after milking, demonstrated appropriate total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (TMB) counts, varying from 3.32 to 6.09 log10 CFU/mL. However, 4.2% (3/72) of the samples were above the regulatory limit of 6.18 log10 CFU/mL. E. coli was identified in 66.6% of the examined samples, and from the total number (n = 48) of isolates, 18.8% harbored the stx2 gene, highlighting pathogenic potential. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing with the Vitek2 system of the isolated E. coli strains revealed resistance against ampicillin (45.8%), gentamicin (20.8%), ticarcillin–clavulanic acid (18.8%), cephalexin (18.8%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (8.3%), and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole (2.1%). Additionally, 64.6% of the strains showed intermediate resistance against amoxicillin–clavulanic acid, while no resistance was recorded against imipenem. Five (18.5%) strains were multidrug-resistant. This study’s results underline hygienic sanitary deficiencies during the milking phase and indicate that raw ovine milk can be contaminated with pathogenic and multidrug-resistant E. coli strains, highlighting a potential risk to public health. Further studies are encouraged to better understand the risk posed to the consumer via the consumption of ovine milk and derived products.