This research aims to provide a comprehensive background on social distancing as well as effective technologies that can be used to facilitate the social distancing practice. Scenarios of enabling wireless and emerging technologies are presented, which are especially effective in monitoring and keeping distance amongst people. In addition, detailed taxonomy is proposed summarizing the essential elements such as implementation type, scenarios, and technology being used. This research reviews and analyzes existing social distancing studies that focus on employing different kinds of technologies to fight the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. This study main goal is to identify and discuss the issues, challenges, weaknesses and limitations found in the existing models and/or systems to provide a clear understanding of the area. Articles were systematically collected and filtered based on certain criteria and within ten years span. The findings of this study will support future researchers and developers to solve specific issues and challenges, fill research gaps, and improve social distancing systems to fight pandemics similar to COVID-19.

Since LiFi and WiFi do not interfere with one another, a LiFi/WiFi hybrid network may provide superior performance to existing wireless options. With a large number of users and constant changes, a network can easily become overloaded, leading to slowdowns and fluctuations in data transfer speeds. Handover (HO) increases significantly with an increase in users, which can negatively impact system performance and quality of service (QoS) due to connection loss and/or delay. Innovative three-phase handover management and AP transition (TPHM-APT) is proposed with the goals of maintaining a steady link with reduced HOs for all connected users, meeting high per-user data rates, and having low outage performance. The proposed scheme primarily focuses on reducing the total number of HOs, which improves reliability and keeps user densities low on individual LiFi APs, which conserves bandwidth and energy. Conventional methods of HO management and user assignment, such as those based on signal strength strategy (SSS), involve reallocating users to a different AP the moment they encounter a HO. Our technique consists of three stages that focus on the optical gain, the incidence angle of the receiver FOV, and user mobility speed for decision-making. Specifically, a data rate threshold (DRT), which is equivalent to the data rate gained from the optical gain, is used to determine whether users must be served by a LiFi or a WiFi AP. In addition, an incidence angle threshold (IAT) is identified to manage the handover process and user AP transition with the consideration of the user mobility threshold (UMT). The proposed method considers load balancing (LB) among all connected users as well. This approach is evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations with MATLAB. Mathematical expressions are derived to analyze the performance of the proposed method. Different aspects, for example, Outage Probability, HO Overhead, User density, System Average Throughput (SAT), and Average Data Rate Requirement (ADRR), are studied. Analysis shows performance gains in overall system performance in terms of system data rates, fairness, and HO rates. Simulation results show that against the standard HO scheme and traditional HO skipping and APA methods, the proposed scheme can effectively decrease HO rates, save LiFi resources, and increase user throughput. It also shows good correspondence to the analysis and reveals the associated trade-offs that occur when moving between the span of narrow to wide FOVs and vice versa (HO rates and APS). The proposed scheme achieves almost identical results for low-density and high-density systems as well, with different ADRR and HO overhead values.

The commercial deployment of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication networks has begun, bringing with it novel offerings, improved user activities, and a variety of opportunities for different types of organizations. However, there still exist several challenges to implementing 5G technology. Sixth generation (6G) wireless communication technology development has begun on a worldwide scale in response to these challenges. Even though there have been many discussions on this topic in the past, many questions remain unanswered in the present literature. The article provides a comprehensive overview of 6G, including the common understanding of the concept, as well as its technical requirements and potential applications. A comprehensive analysis of the 6G network design, potential uses, and key elements are covered. This research article delineates future study topics and unresolved challenges to stimulate an ongoing global discourse. This analysis and content of this study supports the use of different applications and services that will benefit the community in the near future using the 6G technology. Subsequently, recommendations for each problem are provided, offering solutions to unresolved difficulties where functionalities are anticipated to improve, hence enhancing the overall user experience.

Wi-Fi 7, commonly referred to as IEEE 802.11be, is the most recent development in wireless communication technology. It provides significant improvements in terms of speed, capacity, and efficiency. The purpose of this study is to investigate Wi-Fi 7, a standard for wireless communication technology, with a particular focus on the technological advancements and security issues associated with it. In addition, it offers historical perspectives and investigates the institution's present capabilities as well as its potential for the future. The purpose of this study is to provide a complete examination of the development of Wi-Fi technology and its influence on a wide range of industries. This will allow researchers to look forward to and anticipate future advancements and breakthroughs. In addition, it made it possible to integrate Wi-Fi 7 in smart homes, intelligent transportation systems, healthcare services, and industrial automation by providing high-speed connectivity and lowering the amount of latency that occurs during interactions. Both positive and negative aspects, as well as future trends and developments, as well as economic consequences for a wide range of sectors, are investigated simultaneously. The findings of this study shed light on the possible uses of Wi-Fi 7 and its ability to transform a number of different industries, such as training and essential infrastructure. This review aims to enlighten developers and decision-makers about the capabilities and consequences of Wi-Fi 7. The objective is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the technology and promote its appropriate adoption in the current era of digital technology.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) has arisen as one of the most severe problems due to its ongoing mutations as well as the absence of a suitable cure for this virus. The virus primarily spreads and replicates itself throughout huge groups of individuals through daily touch, which regretfully can happen in several unanticipated way. As a result, the sole viable attempts to constrain the spread of this new virus are to preserve social distance, perform contact tracing, utilize suitable safety gear, and enforce quarantine measures. In order to control the virus’s proliferation, scientists and officials are considering using several social distancing models to detect possible diseased individuals as well as extremely risky areas to sustain separation and lockdown procedures. However, models and systems in the existing studies heavily depend on the human factor only and reveal serious privacy vulnerabilities. In addition, no social distancing model/technique was found for monitoring, tracking, and scheduling vehicles for smart buildings as a social distancing approach so far. In this study, a new system design that performs real-time monitoring, tracking, and scheduling of vehicles for smart buildings is proposed for the first time named the social distancing approach for limiting the number of vehicles (SDA-LNV). The proposed model employs LiFi technology as a wireless transmission medium for the first time in the social distance (SD) approach. The proposed work is considered as Vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) communication. It might aid authorities in counting the volume of likely affected people. In addition, the proposed system design is expected to help reduce the infection rate inside buildings in areas where traditional social distancing techniques are not used or applicable.

The hybrid LiFi/WiFi communication networks have demonstrated their efficacy and advantages in terms of data transmission rates and robust security. Multiple difficulties were identified in these networks, including the access point assignment (APA) and the process of handover (HO). These troubles are influenced by multiple elements, including optical gain at the recipient, mobility, distance, blockage, shadowing, and other variables. These elements can be regarded as criteria, and it is crucial to only evaluate many criteria when making decisions in order to attain more precise results, despite the complexity involved. Various studies have recently put forth diverse approaches for APA and HO. However, the majority of these studies involve multiple phases and steps in the decision-making process. Furthermore, as far, only a single study employing the multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) technique for a hybrid LiFi/WiFi network has been discovered. Nevertheless, although the MCDM technique is highly accurate, it involves multiple phases and processes to achieve the optimal access point (AP). This results in heightened intricacy of the system, leading to longer AP transfer times and higher HO rates. In order to address the aforementioned constraints, this paper introduces a novel approach known as card-flipping decision making (CFDM). CFDM enables swift and precise decision-making while minimizing computational complexity. Additionally, it incorporates HO rates that involve bypassing HOs and selecting the most optimal AP. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is adopted to estimate the subjective weights of each criterion and establish their level of priority based on expert judgment. The method provided in this study is combined with the AHP steps and outcomes. As a result, the proposed work is referred to as the merged AHP-CFDM. The determination of weights in the AHP included conducting numerous investigations, such as evaluating the consistency ratio (CR) and calculating the AHP consensus indicator using the rank-based maximum likelihood method (RGMM) and Shannon entropy techniques. The investigation demonstrates improvements in total system efficiency in terms of computational complexity and HO rates when compared to both standard approaches and benchmark techniques. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy outperforms other methods significantly when compared to the most relevant studies.