This study evaluated the impact of different fertilizer treatments on the proximate composition and antioxidant properties of flour from two white-fleshed

Overview of unsafe drinking water and sanitation to public health outcomes in Ethiopia, highlighting key pathways and impacts. Basic drinking water and sanitation services are fundamental to public health. However, Ethiopia continues to face challenges in accessing basic water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) services. This review synthesizes evidence on the public health implications of unsafe water and inadequate sanitation across Ethiopia. Despite WASH sector improvements, water quality remains a critical concern, with contamination of the water supply system posing a serious public health risk. Households' access to basic water and sanitation services has increased from 23.3 to 61.9% and 1.1 to 18.6%, respectively, between 2005 and 2025. Under-five diarrheal mortality declined from 310,195 to 193,513 between 2005 and 2025, yet diarrhea remains a leading cause of death. Open defecation has reduced from 79 to 17% between 2005 and 2020, but only 7% of sanitation systems are safely managed. Aging infrastructure, regulatory gaps, poor water handling, and climate-induced stressors are challenges in the WASH sector. National initiatives such as the One WASH National Program (OWNP) and the health extension program have shown progress in improving the WASH sector. This review emphasizes the need for a paradigm shift from supply expansion to quality, climate-resilient infrastructure, regulatory reform, and a shift from cross-sectional to longitudinal studies in the WASH sector.'

Freshwater ecosystems in rapidly urbanizing regions are increasingly threatened by effluent discharges. Car-wash stations are a significant source of pollution, releasing effluents rich in detergents, oils, and organic matter directly into streams. Despite global evidence demonstrating the effects of car-wash effluent on receiving water bodies, it remains overlooked in Ethiopia. This study assessed the impact of car-wash effluent on water quality and habitat condition of urban streams in Jimma city, Ethiopia. The study was conducted at seven car-wash stations in April 2023. Forty-two water samples were collected from upstream, discharge, and downstream sites during weekdays and weekends and analyzed for different physicochemical quality parameters. Habitat integrity was evaluated using the USEPA rapid bioassessment protocol. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify water quality variation among stream sites. This study revealed deteriorated water quality at discharge points, with significantly higher mean values for turbidity (483.3 ± 193.5 NTU), total suspended solids (TSS) (561.0 ± 460.9 mg/L), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) (333.6 ± 104.5 mg/L) and with lower dissolved oxygen (DO) record (4.7 ± 1.5 mg/L) compared to upstream sites (p < 0.05). Higher BOD₅, orthophosphate, nitrate, and water temperature were recorded during weekends compared to weekdays. PCA results showed that discharge points were associated with elevated turbidity, TSS, BOD₅, and orthophosphate, which are inversely correlated with DO. Habitat scores classified most discharge points as poor and several downstream sites as marginal, suggesting ecological stress consistent with car-wash effluent impacts. These findings indicate a need for targeted monitoring and regulatory attention to uncontrolled car-wash wastewater discharge.