Currently, a significant percentage of patients with DLBCL are refractory or relapse after a first line of immunochemotherapy. Second relapses after autologous stem cell transplantation or chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies present few treatment options and do not yield good results. New molecules have entered the immunotherapy arsenal. Loncastuximab tesirine comprises a humanized anti-CD19 monoclonal conjugated antibody, which consists of an anti-CD19 antibody and cytotoxic alkylating agent, SG3199. Several studies have proven its efficacy in the treatment of refractory cases of DLBCL with a good safety profile, with the main adverse effects being neutropenia, thrombopenia, and liver enzyme involvement. In this review, we explain the mechanism of action of this molecule, the clinical data that have led to its acceptance by the FDA, and the new therapeutic options that are proposed in association with this drug.

The tumorigenesis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), an aggressive variant of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), is primarily attributable to the mutational inactivation of the Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) gene. This mutation causes VHL syndrome, which is associated with tumor growth in various body parts, including the brain, spinal cord, eyes, adrenal glands, pancreas, kidney, and reproductive tract. RCC is the leading cause of death in patients with VHL syndrome. The VHL gene acts as a tumor suppressor that prevents the proliferation of various oncogenes by controlling the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). The HIF pathway is directly linked to the control of metabolic adaptation, cell proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and apoptosis, which, in turn, is linked to ccRCC tumorigenesis. Consequently, many treatments have been developed to directly or indirectly inhibit HIF1α. Direct inhibition of HIF-1α was briefly explored but has not yet resulted in any treatment strategy approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Most prevalent are the indirect inhibitors targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR), the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). The VEGFR inhibitor category has the most FDA-approved drugs as they have been proven to be the most efficacious and safe early on. Thus, VEGFR inhibitors, along with mTOR inhibitors, have become the mainstay in RCC treatment. Most recently, therapies targeting HIF-2α inhibition have gained traction with FDA approval, whereas emerging therapies targeting direct inhibition of hsp90 have shown promise.

A leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a malignant mesenchymal tumor of soft tissue that rarely presents in the scrotal region. This case report describes a primary paratesticular LMS originating in the dartos layer of the scrotum in a symptomatic 37-year-old male with a history of hypertension, generalized seizure disorder post-excision of meningioma, and an extensive family history of cancer. Primary paratesticular LMSs in the superficial dartos layer are exceedingly rare. Given the rarity of this particular type of LMS, this case report includes a discussion on its prevalence and incidence. The rarity of this tumor also warrants a review of the literature and related cases to inform the treatment plan and enhance understanding of these oncologic conditions.