Background/Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a global condition usually associated with poor health. While common, it appears underdiagnosed due to repeated episodes of upper airway obstruction during the sleep cycle. It is accompanied by other health risks like cardiovascular issues and conditions. Identifying craniofacial characteristics linked to OSAS may enhance diagnostic precision and treatment planning. The aim of our study was to examine the relationship between cephalometric variables and OSAS and determine whether craniofacial features influence the syndrome’s development and severity. Methods: Thirty participants were split into two groups: 15 diagnosed with OSAS and 15 controls. Cephalometric evaluations were performed using standardized lateral imaging, with craniofacial, dental, and hyoid bone parameters assessed. Statistical analysis compared these variables between groups to identify significant differences. Results: OSAS patients exhibited significantly shorter maxillary and mandibular lengths, increased anterior facial height, and reduced posterior facial height compared to controls. Dental analysis revealed reduced interincisal angles and lower mandibular incisor positions in the OSAS group. The hyoid bone was positioned lower and more posteriorly in OSAS patients, with significant differences in its distance to the C3 vertebra and mandibular plane. Although the soft palate dimensions were larger in OSAS patients, the differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions: OSAS is associated with distinct craniofacial features, including shorter maxillary and mandibular lengths, altered facial height proportions, and lower hyoid bone positioning. These findings suggest that craniofacial morphology plays a significant role in OSAS pathophysiology. Future studies hinting at three-dimensional imaging could provide deeper insights into these associations.

Background and Objectives: To determine whether there are changes in the cephalometric characteristics of the upper airways and hyoid bone, in patients diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) compared to a healthy control group. Material and Methods: This retrospective case–control study included 24 patients diagnosed with OSAS (apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) > 5 obtained after polysomnography) and 24 healthy subjects as a control group that completed the STOP-Bang questionnaire to determine whether they had OSAS. Lateral cephalometric examinations were recommended for all these patients. The software used for the cephalogram interpretation was CS 3D Imaging and CS Airway imaging from Carestream Dental. Results: The subjects with OSAS had a smaller superior posterior airway space (SPAS), with an average of 10.32 mm compared to a 12.20 mm mean in the control group (p = 0.03). Patients with OSAS, had a lowered middle airway space (MAS) with a mean of 7.96 mm in the OSAS group and a 10.96 mm mean in the control group (p = 0.00). All the measurements made for the hyoid bone, such as—H-MnP, H-C3, and H-B—showed increased values (means of 26.31 mm, 39.08 mm, 60.05 mm, respectively), for the OSAS group (p = 0.00). Conclusions: Patients suffering from OSAS had reduced dimensions of the SPAS and MAS values. The hyoid bone had a more inferior position in the study group (with increased values for H-MnP, H-C3, and H-B) compared to the control group.