The incidences of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are increasing globally because of expanding population and increased dependencies on motorized vehicles and machines. This has resulted in increased socio-economic burden on the healthcare system, as TBIs are often associated with mental and physical morbidities with lifelong dependencies, and have severely limited therapeutic options. There is an emerging need to identify the molecular mechanisms orchestrating these injuries to life-long neurodegenerative disease and a therapeutic strategy to counter them. This review highlights the dynamics and role of choline-containing phospholipids during TBIs and how they can be used to evaluate the severity of injuries and later targeted to mitigate neuro-degradation, based on clinical and preclinical studies. Choline-based phospholipids are involved in maintaining the structural integrity of the neuronal/glial cell membranes and are simultaneously the essential component of various biochemical pathways, such as cholinergic neuronal transmission in the brain. Choline or its metabolite levels increase during acute and chronic phases of TBI because of excitotoxicity, ischemia and oxidative stress; this can serve as useful biomarker to predict the severity and prognosis of TBIs. Moreover, the effect of choline-replenishing agents as a post-TBI management strategy has been reviewed in clinical and preclinical studies. Overall, this review determines the theranostic potential of choline phospholipids and provides new insights in the management of TBI.

Background: The Saudi healthcare system is undergoing a major transformation, and pharmacists will assume more responsibilities in providing healthcare services. The current study aims to determine the current perception and attitude of the public toward pharmacists, as well as the public satisfaction with pharmacists’ practices and services in the community pharmacy setting. Methods: A cross-sectional, online questionnaire-based study was conducted between February and April 2019 and included adult participants (≥18 years) who could read and complete an Arabic online survey. χ² and correlation tests were used to investigate differences in perception and attitude toward community pharmacists based on study population demographics and characteristics and assess the association between public perception and attitude. Statistical analysis was conducted using SAS software, version 9.4. Results: A total of 387 participants completed the survey. The overall Saudi public’s perception and attitude toward community pharmacists were positive in the study population, scoring 81.4% for perception and 69.8% for attitude, with female participants having a more favorable perception of community pharmacists than male participants (89.3 vs. 77.7%, p < 0.01). A strong and positive correlation between public perception and attitude was recognized in the study (r = 0.71, p < 0.01). The participants were found to be mostly satisfied with pharmacists’ commitment and communication skills, but not, however, with the level of pharmaceutical care services provided. Conclusion: The current positive perception and attitude toward community pharmacists among the Saudi public create an opportunity for pharmacists to assume expanded roles as healthcare providers. However, their pharmaceutical care skills should be improved in order to gain their patients’ trust and provide them with valuable services.