Protein-ligand docking is currently an important tool in drug discovery efforts and an active area of research that has been the subject of important developments over the last decade. These are well portrayed in the rising number of available protein-ligand docking software programs, increasing level of sophistication of its most recent applications, and growing number of users. While starting by summarizing the key concepts in protein-ligand docking, this article presents an analysis of the evolution of this important field of research over the past decade. Particular attention is given to the massive range of alternatives, in terms of protein-ligand docking software programs currently available. The emerging trends in this field are the subject of special attention, while old established docking alternatives are critically revisited. Current challenges in the field of protein-ligand docking such as the treatment of protein flexibility, the presence of structural water molecules and its effect in docking, and the entropy of binding are dissected and discussed, trying to anticipate the next years in the field.

Insecticides play a critical role in controlling the spread of insect-borne diseases and preserving crop health. These chemical substances are specifically formulated to kill or manage insect populations. Over the years, various types of insecticides have been developed, including organophosphates, carbamates, pyrethroids, and neonicotinoids, each with unique modes of action, physiological targets, and efficacy. Despite the advantages that insecticides offer, it is imperative to recognize the potential consequences on non-target species, the environment, and human health. It is therefore crucial to follow recommended label instructions and employ integrated pest management practices for the judicious use of insecticides. This review article provides an in-depth examination of the various types of insecticides, including their modes of action, physiological targets, environmental and human health impacts, and alternatives. The aim is to furnish a comprehensive overview of insecticides and to emphasize the significance of responsible and sustainable utilization.