The leaves of Ligustrum robustum have been applied as Ku-Ding-Cha, a functional tea to clear heat, remove toxins, and treat obesity and diabetes, in Southwest China. The phytochemical research on the leaves of L. robustum led to the isolation and identification of eight new monoterpenoid glycosides (1–8) and three known monoterpenoid glycosides (9–11). Compounds 1–11 were tested for the inhibitory activities on fatty acid synthase (FAS), α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and the antioxidant effects. Compound 2 showed stronger FAS inhibitory activity (IC₅₀: 2.36 ± 0.10 μM) than the positive control orlistat (IC₅₀: 4.46 ± 0.13 μM), while compounds 1, 2, 5 and 11 displayed more potent ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀: 6.91 ± 0.10~9.41 ± 0.22 μM) than the positive control L-(+)-ascorbic acid (IC₅₀: 10.06 ± 0.19 μM). This study provided a theoretical basis for the leaves of L. robustum as a functional tea to treat obesity.

The phytochemical study on the leaves of Ligustrum robustum, which have been used as Ku-Ding-Cha, led to the isolation and identification of three new phenylethanoid glycosides and three new phenylmethanoid glycosides, named ligurobustosides R₁ (1b), R_2–3 (2), R₄ (3), S₁ (4b), S₂ (5), and S₃ (6), and five reported phenylethanoid glycosides (7–11). In the bioactivity test, (Z)-osmanthuside B₆ (11) displayed strong fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitory activity (IC₅₀: 4.55 ± 0.35 μM) as the positive control orlistat (IC₅₀: 4.46 ± 0.13 μM), while ligurobustosides R₄ (3) and S₂ (5), ligupurpuroside B (7), cis-ligupurpuroside B (8), ligurobustoside N (9), osmanthuside D (10), and (Z)-osmanthuside B₆ (11) showed stronger ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC₅₀: 2.68 ± 0.05~4.86 ± 0.06 μM) than the positive control L-(+)-ascorbic acid (IC₅₀: 10.06 ± 0.19 μM). This research provided a theoretical basis for the leaves of L. robustum as a tea with function in treating obesity and diabetes.

The leaves of Ligustrum robustum have been consumed as Ku-Ding-Cha for clearing heat and removing toxins, and they have been used as a folk medicine for curing hypertension, diabetes, and obesity in China. The phytochemical research on the leaves of L. robustum led to the isolation and identification of two new hexenol glycosides, two new butenol glycosides, and five new sugar esters, named ligurobustosides X (1a), X₁ (1b), Y (2a), and Y₁ (2b) and ligurobustates A (3a), B (3b), C (4b), D (5a), and E (5b), along with seven known compounds (4a and 6–10). Compounds 1–10 were tested for their inhibitory effects on fatty acid synthase (FAS), α-glucosidase, and α-amylase, as well as their antioxidant activities. Compound 2 showed strong FAS inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ 4.10 ± 0.12 μM) close to that of the positive control orlistat (IC₅₀ 4.46 ± 0.13 μM); compounds 7 and 9 revealed moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activities; compounds 1–10 showed moderate α-amylase inhibitory activities; and compounds 1 and 10 displayed stronger 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) ammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging effects (IC₅₀ 3.41 ± 0.08~5.65 ± 0.19 μM) than the positive control l-(+)-ascorbic acid (IC₅₀ 10.06 ± 0.19 μM). This study provides a theoretical foundation for the leaves of L. robustum as a functional tea to prevent diabetes and its complications.

Introduction: Salmonella detection in retail pork is increasing, yet studies on its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profiles and genomic characteristics remain limited. Moreover, it is still unclear whether certain Salmonella sequence types (STs) are consistently or rarely associated with pork as a transmission source. Sichuan province, the largest pork-production region in China, provides a critical setting to investigate these dynamics.Methods: In this study, 213 Salmonella strains isolated from pork and human sources (2019–2021) underwent phenotypic AMR testing and whole-genome sequencing (WGS).Results: Resistance profiling revealed a higher prevalence of AMR in the pork-derived strains, particularly in veterinary-associated antibiotics. We identified STs not observed in pork in this study, such as ST23 (S. Oranienburg) and the poultry-commonly associated ST32 (S. Infantis), suggesting potential non-pork transmission routes for these Salmonella STs. To quantify sequence type diversity within each sample source, we introduced the sequencing type index (ST index = number of different STs/ total isolates). The ST index was 32% (49/153) for human-derived isolates and 20% (12/60) for pork-derived isolates. PERMANOVA analysis revealed significant differences in the structural composition of sequence types between human- and pork-derived isolates (p = 0.001), indicating that pork may harbor specific Salmonella STs more frequently.Discussion: These findings highlight the role of pork as a reservoir for certain Salmonella STs, while also implying potential non-pork transmission pathways. The ST index represents a novel metric for assessing Salmonella diversity across different sample sources, offering a better understanding of genetic variation and transmission dynamics.

Ligustrum robustum has been not only used as a heat-clearing and detoxicating functional tea (Ku-Ding-Cha) but also consumed as a hypotensive, anti-diabetic, and weight-reducing folk medicine. From the leaves of L. robustum, ten new monoterpenoid glycosides named ligurobustosides T₁₀ (1a), T₁₁ (1b), T₁₂ (2a), T₁₃ (2b), T₁₄ (3a), T₁₅ (3b), F₁ (4b), T₁₆ (5a), T₁₇ (5b), and E₁ (6b), together with five known ones (4a, 6a, 7, 8a, 8b), were separated and identified using the spectroscopic method and chemical method in this research. The results of biological tests exhibited that the fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitory action of compound 5 (IC₅₀: 4.38 ± 0.11 μM) was as strong as orlistat (IC₅₀: 4.46 ± 0.13 μM), a positive control; the α-glucosidase inhibitory actions of compounds 1–4 and 7–8, and the α-amylase inhibitory actions of compounds 1–8 were medium; the ABTS radical scavenging capacities of compounds 1–3 and 5–8 (IC₅₀: 6.27 ± 0.23 ~ 8.59 ± 0.09 μM) were stronger than l-(+)-ascorbic acid (IC₅₀: 10.06 ± 0.19 μM) served as a positive control. This research offered a theoretical foundation for the leaves of L. robustum to prevent diabetes and its complications.