Numerous environmental contaminants significantly contribute to human disease, affecting climate change and public and individual health, resulting in increased mortality and morbidity. Because of the scarcity of information regarding pollution exposure from less developed nations with inadequate waste management, higher levels of poverty, and limited adoption of new technology, the relationship between pollutants and health effects needs to be investigated more. A similar situation is present in many developed countries, where solutions are only discovered after the harm has already been done and the necessity for safeguards has subsided. The connection between environmental toxins and health needs to be better understood due to difficulties in quantifying exposure levels and a lack of systematic monitoring. Different pollutants are to blame for both chronic and acute disorders.

Age, lifestyle and diet are major risk factors for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Insulin resistance (IR) and β‑cell dysfunction underlie the pathophysiology of T2DM. Diabetic populations are also prone to lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities as an indirect effect of IR on key metabolic enzymes. However, recent studies suggested that lipid changes may not only be a consequence of impaired glucose metabolism but also a causative factor. Fatty acids (FAs) influence translocation of glucose transporters and insulin receptor binding and signalling, in addition to cell membrane fluidity and permeability. It is thus suggested that FAs may have an essential role in the development of IR and T2DM. Specific combinations of FAs within phospholipids and triglycerides were indicated to exhibit the strongest associations with the risk of T2DM. The aim of the present review was to investigate the role of FAs in the pathogenesis of T2DM, as it has yet to be fully elucidated.

Context: Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant defense systems which are widely recognized as an important feature of many diseases including dental caries, suggesting that total antioxidant status may be of importance in determining the progression of caries. Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in saliva and serum of caries-free and caries-active adults and to correlate the TAC level with DMFT index (D = decayed, M = missing, F = filled, T = teeth). Settings and Design: The present study included 100 healthy adults who were divided into four groups: Control, group I, group II, and group III, with a DMFT index 0, <3, 10, respectively. Materials and Methods: Saliva and serum samples were collected from all the four groups. The TAC of saliva and serum was estimated by phosphomolybdenum method. Statistical Analysis Used: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the TAC of saliva and serum. Only differences with "P" < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The mean TAC level of both saliva and serum increased significantly (P < 0.001) with the DMFT index. Conclusion: Total antioxidant capacity of saliva has a linear relation with caries, i.e., as the severity of caries increases, the TAC level also increases.