With the burgeoning transition toward electrified automobile fleets, electric-vehicle batteries (EVBs) have become one of the critical aspects to be considered to avoid resources issues while achieving necessary climate goals. This paper compiles and syntheses reported barriers, enablers, involved stakeholders, and business models of Circular Economy (CE) implementation of the EVBs based on a systematic literature review (SLR). Findings indicate that inefficient and inadequate government policy, lack of safety standards, and high recycling costs are the three most reported barriers. The barriers have interconnections with each other, implying the necessity for simultaneous strategies. Based on the barriers-enablers analysis, the key strategies establishing the CE for the EVBs are innovative business models, economic incentives, EVB standards, legal environmental responsibilities, and certification, whereas the optimized supply-chain operations can be realized through eco-design of the EVBs, battery modularization, proper technology for checking, diagnosing, tracking, information sharing, extensive collaboration, alignment of supply-chain stakeholders, innovative business model, and certification. A conceptual framework presenting the required strategies for both establishing the CE and optimizing the circular supply chain system of the EVBs was then proposed. Potential future research directions are also discussed.

Characterization of a precipitating solvent for CO2 capture was performed. Aqueous solution of 5m’ potassium salt of sarcosine (KSar) that was precipitated at CO2 loading of 0.52 was selected. The equilibrium solubility of CO2 in the solution was measured over a range of temperatures from 40 to 120°C. The SOFT model was implemented to predict the vapor-liquid-solid equilibrium (VLSE) data for the CO2-KSar-H2O system. The vapor pressures of the solution were measured at temperatures between 53 and 130°C. The heat of absorption was also measured at 40°C. In addition, the heat of absorption of CO2 in the solution was estimated from the VLSE data by use of the Gibbs- Helmholtz equation and was able to predict well the precipitation occurred in the system