Heavy metal is released from many industries into water. Before the industrial wastewater is discharged, the contamination level should be reduced to meet the recommended level as prescribed by the local laws of a country. They may be poisonous or cancerous in origin. Their presence does not only damage people, but also animals and vegetation because of their mobility, toxicity, and non-biodegradability into aquatic ecosystems. The review comprehensively discusses the progress made by various adsorbents such as natural materials, synthetic, agricultural, biopolymers, and commercial for extraction of the metal ions such as Ni²⁺, Cu²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, As²⁺ and Zn²⁺ along with their adsorption mechanisms. The adsorption isotherm indicates the relation between the amount adsorbed by the adsorbent and the concentration. The Freundlich isotherm explains the effective physical adsorption of the solute particle from the solution on the adsorbent and Langmuir isotherm gives an idea about the effect of various factors on the adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics data provide valuable insights into the reaction pathways, the mechanism of the sorption reaction, and solute uptake. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were applied to describe the sorption kinetics. The presented information can be used for the development of bio-based water treatment strategies.

Connective tissue nevi (CTN) are hamartomas of the dermis, with the 3 main components being collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. Each subtype can present as a solitary lesion or multiple lesions. They could present as part of systemic diseases or inherited disorders. This article provides a comprehensive literature review of the different types of CTN, their clinical presentations, associations, and treatment options. Treatment options for 56 lesions were reviewed. Fifty-two percent of lesions were present in males, and the age range at the time of presentation was wide (1.6–80 years). Management varied according to CTN subtypes. Most lesions (14) received topical or intralesional treatment with corticosteroids, followed by surgical removal of lesions (12), whereas the remaining lesions were clinically monitored.