The Double Chooz experiment presents an indication of reactor electron antineutrino disappearance consistent with neutrino oscillations. An observed-to-predicted ratio of events of $0.944\pm 0.016(\mathrm{stat})\pm 0.040(\mathrm{syst})$ was obtained in 101 days of running at the Chooz nuclear power plant in France, with two $4.25{\mathrm{GW}}_{\mathrm{th}}$ reactors. The results were obtained from a single $10{\mathrm{m}}^3$ fiducial volume detector located 1050 m from the two reactor cores. The reactor antineutrino flux prediction used the Bugey4 flux measurement after correction for differences in core composition. The deficit can be interpreted as an indication of a nonzero value of the still unmeasured neutrino mixing parameter ${sin}^{2}2{\theta }_{13}$. Analyzing both the rate of the prompt positrons and their energy spectrum, we find ${sin}^{2}2{\theta }_{13}=0.086\pm 0.041(\mathrm{stat})\pm 0.030(\mathrm{syst})$, or, at 90% C.L., $0.017<{sin}^{2}2{\theta }_{13}<0.16$.

A plexus of lymphatic vessels guides interstitial fluid, passenger leukocytes, and tumor cells toward regional lymph nodes. Microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) of lymph channels (LECs) are difficult to distinguish from those of blood vessels (BECs) because both express a similar set of markers, such as CD31, CD34, podocalyxin, von Willebrand factor (vWF), etc. Analysis of the specific properties of LECs was hampered so far by lack of tools to isolate LECs. Recently, the 38-kD mucoprotein podoplanin was found to be expressed by microvascular LECs but not BECs in vivo. Here we isolated for the first time podoplanin⁺ LECs and podoplanin⁻ BECs from dermal cell suspensions by multicolor flow cytometry. Both EC types were propagated and stably expressed VE-cadherin, CD31, and vWF. Molecules selectively displayed by LECs in vivo, i.e., podoplanin, the hyaluronate receptor LYVE-1, and the vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF)-C receptor, fms-like tyrosine kinase 4 (Flt-4)/VEGFR-3, were strongly expressed by expanded LECs, but not BECs. Conversely, BECs but not LECs expressed VEGF-C. LECs as well as BECs formed junctional contacts with similar molecular composition and ultrastructural features. Nevertheless, the two EC types assembled in vitro in vascular tubes in a strictly homotypic fashion. This EC specialization extends to the secretion of biologically relevant chemotactic factors: LECs, but not BECs, constitutively secrete the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)7 ligand secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine (SLC)/CCL21 at their basal side, while both subsets, upon activation, release macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-3α/CCL20 apically. These results demonstrate that LECs and BECs constitute stable and specialized EC lineages equipped with the potential to navigate leukocytes and, perhaps also, tumor cells into and out of the tissues.

The Double Chooz experiment has observed 8249 candidate electron antineutrino events in 227.93 live days with 33.71 GW-ton-years ($\mathrm{\text{reactor power}}\times \mathrm{\text{detector mass}}\times \mathrm{\text{live time}}$) exposure using a $10.3{\mathrm{m}}^3$ fiducial volume detector located at 1050 m from the reactor cores of the Chooz nuclear power plant in France. The expectation in case of ${\theta }_{13}=0$ is 8937 events. The deficit is interpreted as evidence of electron antineutrino disappearance. From a rate plus spectral shape analysis we find ${sin}^{2}2{\theta }_{13}=0.109\pm 0.030(\mathrm{stat})\pm 0.025(\mathrm{syst})$. The data exclude the no-oscillation hypothesis at 99.8% CL ($2.9\sigma$).

We report on measurements of neutrino oscillation using data from the T2K long-baseline neutrino experiment collected between 2010 and 2013. In an analysis of muon neutrino disappearance alone, we find the following estimates and 68% confidence intervals for the two possible mass hierarchies: $\text{normal hierarchy}:{\sin }^2{\theta }_{23}=0.514_{-0.056}^{+0.055}$ and $\mathrm{\Delta }{m}_{32}^2=(2.51\pm 0.10)\times 10^{-3}{\mathrm{eV}}^2/c^4$ and $\text{inverted hierarchy}:{\sin }^2{\theta }_{23}=0.511\pm 0.055$ and $\mathrm{\Delta }{m}_{13}^2=(2.48\pm 0.10)\times 10^{-3}{\mathrm{eV}}^2/c^4$. The analysis accounts for multinucleon mechanisms in neutrino interactions which were found to introduce negligible bias. We describe our first analyses that combine measurements of muon neutrino disappearance and electron neutrino appearance to estimate four oscillation parameters, $|\mathrm{\Delta }{m}^2|$, ${\sin }^2{\theta }_{23}$, ${\sin }^2{\theta }_{13}$, ${\delta }_{CP}$, and the mass hierarchy. Frequentist and Bayesian intervals are presented for combinations of these parameters, with and without including recent reactor measurements. At 90% confidence level and including reactor measurements, we exclude the region ${\delta }_{CP}=[0.15,0.83]\pi$ for normal hierarchy and ${\delta }_{CP}=[-0.08,1.09]\pi$ for inverted hierarchy. The T2K and reactor data weakly favor the normal hierarchy with a Bayes factor of 2.2. The most probable values and 68% one-dimensional credible intervals for the other oscillation parameters, when reactor data are included, are ${\sin }^2{\theta }_{23}=0.528_{-0.038}^{+0.055}$ and $|\mathrm{\Delta }{m}_{32}^2|=(2.51\pm 0.11)\times 10^{-3}{\mathrm{eV}}^2/c^4$.

New data from the T2K neutrino oscillation experiment produce the most precise measurement of the neutrino mixing parameter ${\theta }_{23}$. Using an off-axis neutrino beam with a peak energy of 0.6 GeV and a data set corresponding to $6.57\times 10^{20}$ protons on target, T2K has fit the energy-dependent ${\nu }_{\mu }$ oscillation probability to determine oscillation parameters. The 68% confidence limit on ${\sin }^2({\theta }_{23})$ is $0.514_{-0.056}^{+0.055}$ ($0.511\pm 0.055$), assuming normal (inverted) mass hierarchy. The best-fit mass-squared splitting for normal hierarchy is $\mathrm{\Delta }{m}_{32}^2=(2.51\pm 0.10)\times {10}^{-3}{\mathrm{eV}}^2/c^4$ (inverted hierarchy: $\mathrm{\Delta }{m}_{13}^2=(2.48\pm 0.10)\times {10}^{-3}{\mathrm{eV}}^2/c^4$). Adding a model of multinucleon interactions that affect neutrino energy reconstruction is found to produce only small biases in neutrino oscillation parameter extraction at current levels of statistical uncertainty.