Electric vehicles (EV) are becoming more common mobility in the transportation sector in recent times. The dependence on oil as the source of energy for passenger vehicles has economic and political implications, and the crisis will take over as the oil reserves of the world diminish. As concerns of oil depletion and security of the oil supply remain as severe as ever, and faced with the consequences of climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions from the tail pipes of vehicles, the world today is increasingly looking at alternatives to traditional road transport technologies. EVs are seen as a promising green technology which could lead to the decarbonization of the passenger vehicle fleet and to independence from oil. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as EVs have zero tail pipe emission and therefore are capable of curbing the pollution problems created by vehicle emission in an efficient way so they can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector as pure electric vehicles are the only vehicles with zero-emission potential. However, there are some major barriers for EVs to overcome before totally replacing ICE vehicles in the transportation sector and obtain appreciable market penetration. This review evaluates the technological aspects of the different power train systems of BEV technology and highlights those technological areas where important progress is expected by focusing on reviewing all the useful information and data available on EV architecture, electrical machines, optimization techniques, and its possibilities of future developments as green mobility. The challenges of different electric drive trains’ commercialization are discussed. The major objective is to provide an overall view of the current pure electric vehicle powertrain technology and possibilities of future green vehicle development to assist in future research in this sector.

The level of air pollution is increasing day by day and major contribution has been from IC engine vehicles. The only alternative source in transportation that can provide zero tail pipe emission and shows the direction for making cleaner mobility is electric vehicle. Zero tail pipe emission can be provided to conventional petrol or diesel vehicles through vehicle conversion using electric drive trains. Converting old conventional vehicles into electric drive provides an effective investment alternative to existing new electric vehicles. The vehicle conversion can also provide custom and modular design as per requirements. Like every conventional, electric, hybrid, fuel cell vehicles, the performance of electric vehicle conversion is dependent to driving speed, driving range, hill climbing capacity. The required driving speed and hill climbing capacity is dependent to power of electric motor used. The power of motor increase as required speed and road gradient to be driven increases. The driving range has been designed using average data of daily driven distance. Then the required battery pack has been designed using the average value of energy consumption per kilometer. The challenging factor to be considered while designing new electric vehicle or electric vehicle conversion is performance to be delivered. The power train component has been finalized as per Nepalese topography and as per transportation density on regular basis. As the driving speed, hill climbing capacity has direct impact on choosing electric motor and power of electric motor has direct impact on battery pack. Both the electric drive train and battery pack are linked with cost that defines the overall cost of the vehicle. But we have optimized the overall system so that the performance of converted vehicle is in track as well as the cost benefit has positive result as the vehicle has been converted within USD 6000. Maruti Suzuki 800 has been converted into electric vehicle for this project and has been intended to be used as an electric cab. Since the driving range and driving speed varies as per personal requirement, the electric drive train and battery pack has been optimized to be modular. The converted vehicle is doing well in road test and still in test procedures. The electric vehicle conversion depends upon the required speed and driving range to be covered. This research can be used to augment instruction in electric vehicle conversion.

This article presents the novel approach to detect and separate different items in the production line in the industry. This approach uses various sensors to detect the type of object, color and manufacturing defects. The main target is to automate the sorting process of the desired color and material of object to the distinguished zones through the implementation of many independent systems, which are can be integrated into the commercial industries as the large-scale implementation of this approach. As continuous manual sorting creates quality consistency and higher production and time issues, automated systems are preferred. The system rejects the inappropriate materials out of the conveyor line and accepts and places the objects of a similar type to the appropriate container. The user defines the sorting parameter which commands the system to select the required object and LCD display gives information on current operation. With all these efforts the object placed in the conveyor line is dispensed in the correct container or rejected based on the object type which helps to optimize the industrial manufacturing and product separation process.

Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is one of the emerging environment-friendly technologies in vehicular world with improved efficiency but its main issue has been its energy management and supervisory control that ensures best energy distribution. This research analyzes the drive performances of different possible regeneration paths with standard drive cycles through hybrid powertrain model based on quasi-state model of machines. Further, the efficiency map table developed from laboratory test is utilized to estimate efficiency and energy loss in the motor. In this research, 65 kW generator and 110 kW motor of 3000 rpm with an efficiency map are utilized to develop a model in MATLAB. From the simulation result, it has been observed that fuel economy and final state of charge (SOC) of the battery improves when regeneration is done by both machines. The implementation of Rule-Based algorithm indicates that the battery charges only when Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) operates.