Periodontitis and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract that share common features of microbial-induced ecological dysregulation and host immune inflammatory response. The close relationship between periodontitis and IBD is characterized by a higher prevalence of IBD in patients with periodontitis and a higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis in patients with IBD, indicating that periodontitis and IBD are different from the traditional independent diseases and form an “Oral-Gut” axis between the two, which affect each other and thus form a vicious circle. However, the specific mechanisms leading to the association between the two are not fully understood. In this article, we describe the interconnection between periodontitis and IBD in terms of microbial pathogenesis and immune dysregulation, including the ectopic colonization of the gut by pathogenic bacteria associated with periodontitis that promotes inflammation in the gut by activating the host immune response, and the alteration of the oral microbiota due to IBD that affects the periodontal inflammatory response. Among the microbial factors, pathogenic bacteria such as Klebsiella, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum may act as the microbial bridge between periodontitis and IBD, while among the immune mechanisms, Th17 cell responses and the secreted pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α play a key role in the development of both diseases. This suggests that in future studies, we can look for targets in the “Oral-Gut” axis to control and intervene in periodontal inflammation by regulating periodontal or intestinal flora through immunological methods.

Background: The existence of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in Schneiderian membrane has not been determined. The aim of this study is to investigate whether there are MSCs in Schneiderian membrane, and the effect of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) on osteogenic differentiation of these cells and on new bone formation in maxillary sinus after maxillary sinus floor elevation.Methods: Schneiderian membrane derived mesenchymal stem cells (SM-MSCs) were isolated from rabbit maxillary sinus. Cells were identified by flow cytometry and multipotential differentiation. Real-time cell analysis assay, fluorescence staining, transwell assay, and wound healing assay were used to determine the effects of PRF stimulation on cell proliferation and migration. The osteogenic differentiation ability of cells stimulated by PRF or osteoinductive medium was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase staining, alizarin red staining, PCR and Western blot. Equivalent volume Bio-oss and the mixture of Bio-oss and PRF were used as bone graft materials for maxillary sinus floor elevation. Micro-CT, bone double-staining, HE staining, Masson staining, and toluidine blue staining were used to evaluate the osteogenic effect in 8 and 12 weeks after surgery.Results: The cell surface markers were positive for expression of CD90, CD105, and negative for expression of CD34, CD45. SM-MSCs had the ability of osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic differentiation. PRF could stimulate proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of SM-MSCs, which was achieved by up-regulating ERK 1/2 signaling pathway. PRF could accelerate the formation of new bone in maxillary sinus and increase the amount of new bone formation.Conclusions: MSCs existed in Schneiderian membrane, and PRF stimulation could promote cell proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation. The application of PRF in maxillary sinus floor elevation could accelerate bone healing and increase the quantity and quality of new bone. PRF, as autologous graft materials, might offer a promising strategy for the clinical bone formation during MSFE procedure.Graphical

Sulfate radicals (SO₄⁻·) play important biological roles in biomedical and environmental engineering, such as antimicrobial, antitumor, and disinfection. Compared with other common free radicals, it has the advantages of a longer half-life and higher oxidation potential, which could bring unexpected effects. These properties have prompted researchers to make great contributions to biology and environmental engineering by exploiting their properties. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) are the main raw materials for SO₄⁻· formation. Due to the remarkable progress in nanotechnology, a large number of nanomaterials have been explored that can efficiently activate PMS/PDS, which have been used to generate SO₄⁻· for biological applications. Based on the superior properties and application potential of SO₄⁻·, it is of great significance to review its chemical mechanism, biological effect, and application field. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the latest design of nanomaterials that can effectually activate PMS/PDS to create SO₄⁻·, including metal-based nanomaterials, metal-free nanomaterials, and nanocomposites. Furthermore, we discuss the underlying mechanism of the activation of PMS/PDS using these nanomaterials and the application of SO₄⁻· in the fields of environmental remediation and biomedicine, liberating the application potential of SO₄⁻·. Finally, this review provides the existing problems and prospects of nanomaterials being used to generate SO₄⁻· in the future, providing new ideas and possibilities for the development of biomedicine and environmental remediation.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has made significant progress in tumor treatment, but it is still limited by poor light penetration and the imbalance between the hypoxic microenvironment of tumors and oxygen consumption during PDT, tremendously lowering the tumor removal efficiency. Herein, a high-efficiency PDT nano-system with high tissue penetration and oxygen-self-generation is presented for solving the hypoxic problem and enhancing the tumor therapeutic efficacy. By encapsulating chlorin e6 and upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) in an ultrathin silane (UCNPs-Ce6@Silane), an almost pure upconverted red light is obtained via NIR excitation and the red light further excites Ce6 molecules to exert PDT for effective tumor therapy. In this process, the NIR light could penetrate deeper into the tumor tissue, endowing this procedure with a better biological effect. In view of the tumor hypoxic microenvironment, a MnO₂ nanozyme was further modified on the surface of UCNPs-Ce6@Silane NPs, which could catalyze the excessive hydrogen peroxide in the tumor and provide sufficient oxygen for PDT. From the experiments in the cellular level and animal models, it could be proved that the brilliant composite nanoplatform could exhibit remarkable self-oxygenation properties, sufficient ROS production and distinguished tissue penetration. The prominent results indicated that this design would be a hopeful solution in the tumor therapeutics.