Background/ Objectives: Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) provide cardiorenal benefits beyond glucose lowering, yet longitudinal changes across multiple laboratory domains in patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remain incompletely characterized. This study aimed to evaluate 12-month changes in renal, glycemic, metabolic, hematological, and inflammatory parameters in patients with DKD treated with empagliflozin or dapagliflozin. Methods: This retrospective, single-center cohort study included 452 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and DKD who received empagliflozin or dapagliflozin. Laboratory parameters were assessed at baseline and after 12 months. Longitudinal changes, between-group differences, correlations, and exploratory path analyses were evaluated. Results: Over 12 months, glycated hemoglobin and fasting glucose levels decreased, whereas estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), vitamin D, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) increased. Ferritin, the triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index, bicarbonate, and plateletcrit decreased. Most other measured hematological and inflammatory parameters did not change significantly. The overall patterns of change were broadly similar between treatment groups, although selected differences were observed in individual parameters. In exploratory path analyses, age was negatively associated with change in eGFR (β = −0.269, p < 0.001), whereas KDIGO category was positively associated with change in eGFR (β = 0.200, p < 0.001). Sex was associated with change in the TyG index (β = −0.261, p = 0.013), and treatment group was associated with change in the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (β = −0.194, p = 0.010). The models explained a modest proportion of the variance. Conclusions: This real-world cohort provides a multidomain assessment of laboratory changes observed over 12 months in patients with DKD receiving empagliflozin or dapagliflozin. Changes extended beyond glycemic measures to selected renal, metabolic, and hematological parameters, while most conventional and composite inflammatory markers remained unchanged. The observational design and absence of a non-SGLT2i control group preclude causal conclusions or claims of long-term renoprotection. Prospective controlled studies are warranted to clarify the clinical significance and comparative effects of these changes.

Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), and the systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) are important markers used to evaluate inflammatory status in T2DM. This study aimed to compare inflammatory and metabolic parameters between patients receiving metformin monotherapy and those receiving metformin plus sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor combination therapy in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM. Methods: This prospective observational study included 64 treatment-naïve patients with newly diagnosed T2DM. Patients were divided into two groups according to treatment strategy: metformin monotherapy (n = 32) and metformin plus SGLT-2 inhibitor combination therapy (n = 32). TNF-α, IL-6, SII, systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), C-reactive protein (CRP), metabolic parameters, and insulin resistance-related indices were evaluated at baseline and after six months. Baseline-adjusted multiple linear regression analyses were performed to assess between-group differences at six months, adjusting for the corresponding baseline biomarker value, baseline HbA1c, age, and sex. Results: After six months of follow-up, significant reductions in TNF-α, IL-6, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting plasma glucose levels were observed in both groups (p < 0.001). In baseline-adjusted analyses, the treatment-group association was not statistically significant for TNF-α (B = −26.80, β = −0.15, p = 0.213), CRP (B = 0.06, β = 0.00, p = 0.977), SII (B = −36.94, β = −0.11, p = 0.441), or NLR (B = −0.20, β = −0.18, p = 0.207). In contrast, the treatment group was associated with a lower six-month IL-6 level (B = −37.87, β = −0.31, p = 0.038; 95% CI, −73.52 to −2.23) after adjustment for baseline IL-6, baseline HbA1c, age, and sex. Serum uric acid levels were lower in the metformin plus SGLT-2 inhibitor group than in the metformin monotherapy group at six months in the unadjusted comparison (p = 0.016). However, the adjusted treatment-group association between treatment group and six-month serum uric acid levels was not statistically significant (B = −0.51, β = −0.20, p = 0.065). Conclusions: In patients with newly diagnosed T2DM, both treatment groups showed significant reductions in TNF-α and IL-6 levels over six months. After adjustment for baseline biomarker levels, baseline HbA1c, age, and sex, no significant incremental association with treatment group was detected for TNF-α, CRP, SII, or NLR, whereas a significant adjusted association was observed for IL-6. Given the observational design and physician-directed treatment allocation, the observed IL-6 association should not be interpreted as evidence of a causal anti-inflammatory effect of SGLT-2 inhibitor therapy.

Background: Pulmonary hydatid cyst disease (PHCD) remains a significant public health problem in endemic regions. Aims: To evaluate the demographic, serological, radiological, and surgical characteristics of patients with PHCD and to identify factors associated with hepatic involvement and postoperative outcomes. Methods: This retrospective study included 515 consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment for PHCD at Dicle University Faculty of Medicine between 2013 and 2025. Demographic characteristics, cyst features, indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test results, concomitant hepatic involvement, surgical procedures, postoperative outcomes, and complications were analyzed. Results: Among 515 patients, 275 (53.4%) were male and 240 (46.6%) were female. Female patients were significantly older than male patients (28.0 ± 18.0 vs. 23.8 ± 18.4 years, p = 0.002). Hepatic involvement was significantly associated with positive IFA test results (p < 0.001), bilateral pulmonary disease (p < 0.001), multiple pulmonary cysts (p < 0.001), female sex (p = 0.045), and left-sided pulmonary involvement (p = 0.019). Blood group distribution was not associated with hepatic involvement (p = 0.773), although IFA positivity differed significantly among ABO blood groups (p = 0.006). Larger cyst size was associated with longer hospital stay (r = 0.130, p = 0.003) and prolonged drainage duration (r = 0.094, p = 0.034). Perforated cysts were associated with increased hospital stay (r = 0.180, p < 0.001) and drainage duration (r = 0.139, p = 0.002). Pediatric patients had significantly larger cysts than adults (p = 0.007). Conclusions: Positive IFA results, multiple pulmonary cysts, and bilateral lung involvement are associated with concomitant hepatic hydatid disease. Cyst size and perforation status significantly influence postoperative recovery, particularly hospital stay and drainage duration. Surgical treatment provides excellent outcomes with low reoperation rates and no disease-related mortality in experienced centers.