There is diminished transparency, fragmented information exchange, and lack of trust among geographically dispersed stakeholders, which increasingly challenge global supply chains. The classic centralized systems of supply chain management are not always capable of being able to offer real-time traceability and data integrity which is dependable and effective in contract enforcement. The proposed study is a blockchain-based smart contract design that is focused on ensuring increased transparency, traceability and trust in global supply chain management. The suggested framework will combine automated smart contracts, cryptographic provenance tracking, permissioned blockchain consensus, and a decentralized trust score evaluation mechanism to overcome some of the major operation and governance challenges. A simulated assessment with a multi-tier global supply chain setting of 15 blockchain nodes and 12,000 transactions was performed through experimentation. The findings show that the proposed system attained an average transaction delay of 210 ms, which is very low compared to centralized systems (520 ms), with throughput being raised to 120 transactions per minute. End-to-end traceability performance also improved significantly, with a reduction in trace-back time to 8 s compared with 95s this represents a 100% tampering detection rate. The consensus mechanism ensured that the ledger integrity failed only at a rate of less than 1.1%, even when more than 30% of nodes were faulty. Risk-wise, the trust evaluation algorithm dynamically enhanced reliable supplier scores up to 12%, which facilitated the selection of reliable partners. On the whole, the results prove that smart contracts based on blockchains can drastically enhance the efficiency of operations, data integrity, and confidence in global supply chains, with the platform capable of providing a resilient and scalable backbone for the future supply chain management model.

Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) has gained significant attention as organizations strive to balance economic, environmental, and social objectives. However, implementing sustainability in supply chains presents several challenges, including regulatory compliance, cost constraints, technological limitations, and stakeholder coordination. This paper explores the key challenges businesses face in adopting SSCM and proposes viable solutions to enhance sustainability performance. Strategies such as circular economy integration, digital transformation, green procurement, and collaboration among supply chain partners are examined. The study highlights the role of government policies, corporate responsibility, and innovation in overcoming sustainability challenges. By adopting best practices and leveraging emerging technologies, firms can achieve a resilient and eco-friendly supply chain. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on sustainable supply chain practices, offering insights for policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers.

The use of sustainable supply chain management practices allows companies to increase their revenues, while still balancing the triple bottom line of sustainability, which covers economic, environmental, and social concerns. Companies are looking to enhance their environmental performance by using sustainable supply chain management practices. The effect of supply chains on the environment cannot be understated. Numerous studies have been conducted investigating different facets of supply chain practices. However, research on sustainable supply chain management frameworks is fragmented, providing little or no guidance to practitioners. Thus, there is still a need for the provision of a comprehensive framework for optimizing the environmental impact of production and distribution processes. The overall objective of this study was to identify existing frameworks and propose a framework to guide practitioners and academics. A systematic literature review and meta-analytical methodology were applied. The analysis considered 92 articles. The study specifically used content analysis. A comprehensive sustainable supply chain management framework was developed from the eight practices that were derived and categorized. Emerging sustainable supply chain management practices such as green procurement, reverse logistics and cooperative with customers have been included in the framework. This sustainable supply chain management framework provides a guide to supply chain managers about which practices to focus on. Future research should study the barriers of implementing sustainable supply chain management practices.