The connected or smart environment is the integration of smart devices (sensors, IoT devices, or actuator) into the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm, in which a large number of devices are connected, monitoring the physical environment and processes and transmitting into the centralized database for advanced analytics and analysis. This integrated and connected setup allows greater levels of automation of smart systems than is possible with just the Internet. While delivering services to the different processes and application within connected smart systems, these IoT devices perform an impeccably large number of device-to-device communications that allow them to access the selected subsets of device information and data. The sensitive and private nature of these data renders the smart infrastructure vulnerable to copious attacks which threat agents exploit for cyberattacks which not only affect critical services but probably bring threat to people’s lives. Hence, advanced measures need to be taken for securing smart environments, such as dynamic access control, advanced network screening, and monitoring behavioural anomalies. In this paper, we have discussed the essential cyberthreats and vulnerabilities in smart environments and proposed ZAIB (Zero-Trust and ABAC for IoT using Blockchain), a novel secure framework that monitors and facilitates device-to-device communications with different levels of access-controlled mechanisms based on environmental parameters and device behaviour. It is protected by zero-trust architecture and provides dynamic behavioural analysis of IoT devices by calculating device trust levels for each request. ZAIB enforces variable policies specifically generated for each scenario by using attribute-based access control (ABAC). We have used blockchain to ensure anonymous device and user registrations and immutable activity logs. All the attributes, trust level histories, and data generated by IoT devices are protected using IPFS. Finally, a security evaluation shows that ZAIB satisfies the needs of active defence and end-to-end security enforcement of data, users, and services involved in a smart grid network.

The adoption of the Internet of Things (IoT) in smart household energy systems offers new opportunities for efficiency and automation, while also posing substantial security challenges. These systems utilize diverse standards and protocols to autonomously access, collect, and share energy-related data over distributed networks. However, this interconnectivity increases their vulnerability to cyber threats, making the system vulnerable to cyber threats. The literature reveals numerous cases of cyberattacks on IoT-based energy infrastructures, primarily involving unauthorized access, data breaches, and device exploitation. Therefore, designing a robust ecosystem with secure and efficient access control (AC), while safeguarding user functionality and privacy, is essential. This paper proposes a dynamic attribute-based access control (ABAC) model that leverages a hybrid blockchain architecture to enhance security and trust in smart household energy systems. The proposed architecture integrates Hyperledger Fabric for managing user, resource, and device attributes using smart contracts, while Hyperledger Besu enforces decentralized access policies. Additionally, a trust recalibration mechanism dynamically adjusts access permissions based on behavioral analysis, mitigating unauthorized access risks and improving energy system adaptability. Experimental results demonstrate the model’s effectiveness in securing IoT smart home energy, while ensuring seamless device onboarding and efficient access control.

This research work proposes a method for managing, securing, and validating the health data distribution records using a genetic-based hashing algorithm in a decentralized environment. The reason behind choosing blockchain is to secure the transaction of health data and protect the data from manipulated fraudulent movement and corruption by the contributor of the chain or any individual. The path of this technology approach provides an efficient surveillance measure such as transparency of record, fraud immunity, and protection to tempering and sustaining the order of data. In medical research, this paper provides a genetic-based hashing algorithm for data security which has lower computational complexity, low space coverage, higher security and integrity, and a high avalanche effect. The simulation will show data records' validity, immunity, and integrity. The technique modified in this secure decentralized network is a cryptographic hashing algorithm for 512 bits. In this study genetic algorithm is used to generate a key that needs to be used in the encryption and decryption of medical data. A genetic algorithm is a metaheuristic approach that is inspired by the laws of genetics and is generally used to generate high-quality solutions for complex problems. Applications of genetic algorithms encourage the significance in many medical fields such as radiology, oncology, cardiology, endocrinology, surgery, oncology, and radiotherapy in health care management.

In this global era of technology, ambient intelligence links all real-life objects to internet, allowing us to collect all their data for information extraction and even its transformation into knowledge. With the rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT), arises the need of more storage and computation power, which makes it essential for IoT to go along with distributed computing due to the enormous proportion of data IoT may produce. The virtually unlimited processing and storage resources of distributed systems are the minuscule solution to IoT's resource issues and will also assist in mining potentially valuable statistics to help create smart applications for the users. In this survey, we are focusing on the consolidation of Cloud Computing and IoT, which is what we call Cloud of Things (CoT). Numerous researchers have studied Cloud computing & IoT on an individual premise and, their fundamental things, highlights and stifled technologies. In this paper, we offer a survey on the consolidation of Cloud and IoT. Beginning by examining the foundations of each IoT and Cloud Computing, we will in general discuss their fundamental technologies, their complementarity, and particularization and then finally we will be heading to their joining. The Cloud of Things concept has brought a variety of realizations to life. In this paper we have discusses some of the key problems that ascend from cloud and IoT integration and a few views on how to counter these issues.

Blockchain technology enables the recording of information in an immutable manner, making it extremely difficult or nearly impossible to alter, hack, or manipulate. Its adoption is expected to enhance long‐term economic sustainability across various industries, including real estate. Traditional real estate transactions typically involve third‐party intermediaries to record and validate informal transactions. However, blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize the real estate sector by transforming how properties are bought and sold. Features such as efficiency, transparency, process automation through smart contracts, robust consensus mechanisms, and enhanced security measures can reshape the real estate landscape by increasing efficiency and reducing costs. This paper explores the challenges currently faced by the real estate industry and reviews the literature on the disruptive impact of blockchain technology in this sector. A conceptual framework for a private blockchain is proposed based on the Ethereum platform, utilizing proof of authority as the consensus mechanism, specifically designed for property transactions. The proposed model integrates self‐sovereign identity for secure and decentralized identity management, incorporates digital wallets for transaction management, and leverages smart contracts to automate processes. This approach enhances transparency in digital transactions, thereby fostering greater trust between users and service provider.