Science and engineering research studies are currently concentrating on synthesizing, designing, producing, and consuming ecologically benign chemical species to replace harmful chemicals. This is due to the increasing demands of conservation knowledge and strict ecological regulations. Numerous environmentally friendly substitutes produced from natural resources, including biopolymers, plant extracts, chemical pharmaceuticals (drugs), and so on, are now frequently used as inhibitors to replace dangerous corrosion inhibitors. Many compounds have been extensively used. A range of methods, including physisorption, chemisorption, barrier protection, thin-film growth, and electrochemical procedures, will be used to provide corrosion resistance. The various kinds of corrosion inhibitors (CIs), the mechanisms underlying inhibition, and the evaluation procedures have all been covered in-depth. This review provides an overview of the relevant literature in which researchers and scientists used different types of CIs, the effect of CIs on metals, and information about designs and mechanisms used to minimize corrosion in a variety of equipment composed of alloys or metals, along with electrochemical evaluation studies. This review will provide scholars with fresh insights to advance the discipline.

To solve the energy crisis and environmental issues, it is essential to create effective and sustainable energy conversion and storage technologies. Traditional materials for energy conversion and storage however have several drawbacks, such as poor energy density and inadequate efficiency. The advantages of MOF-based materials, such as pristine MOFs, also known as porous coordination polymers, MOF composites, and their derivatives, over traditional materials, have been thoroughly investigated. These advantages stem from their high specific surface area, highly adjustable structure, and multifunctional nature. MOFs are promising porous materials for energy storage and conversion technologies, according to research on their many applications. Moreover, MOFs have served as sacrificial materials for the synthesis of different nanostructures for energy applications and as support substrates for metals, metal oxides, semiconductors, and complexes. One of the most intriguing characteristics of MOFs is their porosity, which permits space on the micro- and meso-scales, revealing and limiting their functions. The main goals of MOF research are to create high-porosity MOFs and develop more efficient activation techniques to preserve and access their pore space. This paper examines the porosity tunable mixed and hybrid MOF, pore architecture, physical and chemical properties of tunable MOF, pore conditions, market size of MOF, and the latest development of MOFs as precursors for the synthesis of different nanostructures and their potential uses.

Biomass-derived carbons are emerging materials with a wide range of catalytic properties, such as large surface area and porosity, which make them ideal candidates to be used as heterogeneous catalysts and catalytic supports. Their unique physical and chemical properties, such as their tunable surface, chemical inertness, and hydrophobicity, along with being environmentally friendly and cost effective, give them an edge over other catalysts. The biomass-derived carbon materials are compatible with a wide range of reactions including organic transformations, electrocatalytic reactions, and photocatalytic reactions. This review discusses the uses of materials produced from biomass in the realm of heterogeneous catalysis, highlighting the different types of carbon materials derived from biomass that are potential catalysts, and the importance and unique properties of heterogeneous catalysts with different preparation methods are summarized. Furthermore, this review article presents the relevant work carried out in recent years where unique biomass-derived materials are used as heterogeneous catalysts and their contribution to the field of catalysis. The challenges and potential prospects of heterogeneous catalysis are also discussed.

Research on energy storage devices has focused on improving asymmetric supercapacitors (ASCs) by utilizing two different electrode materials. In this work, we have successfully prepared a unique material, ZnO/SnO₂ nanoflower, via the hydrothermal method. Graphene oxide (GO) was synthesized by applying the modified Hummers' technique. The ZnO/SnO₂ nanoflower was deposited on a polypyrrole (PPY) nanotube/graphene oxide composite (ZS/GP) in two steps: in situ chemical polymerization, followed by a hydrothermal method. Electrochemical properties of the prepared material nanocomposite were analyzed by applying cyclic voltammetry (CV), galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques. An asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) was constructed using ZS/GP nanocomposite as the positive electrode and Caesalpinia pod-based carbonaceous material as the negative electrode material, and its performance was investigated. As a result, the fabricated ASCs were found to have an excellent specific capacitance of 165.88 F g⁻¹ at 1.4 V, with an energy density of 5.12 W h kg⁻¹ and a power density of 2672 W kg⁻¹. The prepared nanocomposite material for the ASC showed a cycle stability of 17k cycles at a current density of 5 A g⁻¹. This study revealed that the electrode material ZS/GP nanocomposite is highly suitable for supercapacitor applications. The ASC device's extended cycle life experiments for 17k cycles produced a coulombic efficiency of 97% and a capacitance retention of 73%, demonstrating the promising potential of the electrode materials for greener as well as efficient energy storage applications while converting abundant bio waste into effective energy.

This study explores the sustainable production of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes from waste mango kernels, addressing the growing need for eco-friendly energy storage solutions. Porous carbon materials were synthesized via pyrolysis at varying temperatures (700, 800, 900, and 1000 °C), designated as MK7, MK8, MK9, and MK10, respectively. The synthesized carbon was obtained via a simple and eco-friendly carbonization, yielding a highly porous structure with a large specific surface area of 1348.9 m² g⁻¹, for MK9 material as confirmed by BET analysis. Raman spectroscopy revealed a high degree of graphitization with D and G bands, indicating the presence of both disordered and graphitic carbon domains. SEM imaging showed a well-developed, interconnected porous morphology, while XRD patterns confirmed the amorphous nature with partially crystalline domains. The resulting carbon materials were evaluated for their electrochemical performance in supercapacitor applications. Electrochemical characterization revealed that the MK9 sample, pyrolyzed at 900 °C, exhibited the highest specific capacitance of 205.8 F g⁻¹, surpassing the performance of the other samples. To optimize device performance, symmetric supercapacitors were fabricated using a CR2032 coin cell configuration with different electrolytes and concentrations. The KOH electrolyte device demonstrated a maximum power density of 5137.86 W kg⁻¹, an energy density of 12.32 W h kg⁻¹, and a specific capacitance of 112.4 F g⁻¹. Furthermore, this device exhibited excellent cycling stability, maintaining its performance over 100 000 galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles. A practical demonstration showed the ability of the device to power a red LED for approximately 15 minutes. These results highlight the potential of utilizing waste biomass, specifically mango kernels, for sustainable and efficient supercapacitor development.