Roads and traffic are tightly related to some of the mains threats for biodiversity. Road network affects wildlife populations due to, among other effects, partial occupation and transformation of landscape, alteration of surrounding habitat, dispersal of physicochemical pollutants, fragmentation and loss of connectivity, or direct road-kills. Because of their ecological characteristics, amphibians and reptiles are very exposed to road effects. In this article we review the relationship between these faunal groups and the road network. Amphibians exhibit high road-kill rates that can condition viability of some populations, and are vulnerable to pollution of road margins. Reptiles also suffer casualties because of road-kills when they move to paved roads for thermoregulation. Roads, especially those with high traffic load, act as barriers that difficult movements and contribute to population isolation in both groups. However, road impacts do not have equal intensity over space and time, and consequently some spatio-temporal patterns can be defined. Not all species show the same degree of exposure to road impacts, which depend on specific ecological requirements in each case. Mobile species are generally more vulnerable than sedentary ones. There are also intra-specific differences as a function of gender and age. All these considerations must be taken into account when designing and implementing the corresponding mitigation measures necessary to reduce the negative effects of roads on herpetofauna populations.

The domestication of vines started in Asia 11,000 years ago, although it was not until the 19th century that oenology was established as a scientific discipline thanks to the research of Louis Pasteur on the role of microorganisms in wine fermentation. At the present time, the progression in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies is helping to facilitate the identification of microbial dynamics during winemaking. These advancements have aided winemakers in gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the role of microbiota in the fermentation process, which, in turn, is ultimately responsible for the delivery of provisioning (wine features and its production), regulating (such as carbon storage by vineyards, regulation of soil quality, and biocontrol of pests and diseases) or cultural (such as aesthetic values of vineyard landscapes, scholarly enjoyment of wine, and a sense of belonging in wine-growing regions) ecosystem services. To our knowledge, this is the first review of the state of knowledge on the role of microbiota in the delivery of ecosystem services in the wine sector, as well as the possibility of valuing them in monetary terms by operating logic chains, such as those suggested by the SEEA-EA framework. This paper concludes with a review of management practices that may enhance the value of microbiota ecosystem services and the role of smart farming in this task.

In recent decades, wild boar populations have increased both in number and distribution. This rise is partly related to the increase in cropland devoted to maize (Zea mays) cultivation, as wild boar find food and refuge in these areas. This population expansion has led to an increase in the number of wild boar vehicle collisions (WBVCs). The goal of the present study was to evaluate a set of spatio–temporal factors that influence WBVCs related to maize crops on the Northern Spanish Plateau (the region of Castile and Leon). We compared the maize pattern with the factors related to total WBVC numbers. We observed that whereas the total occurrence of WBVCs usually increased with forest cover and speed and traffic volumes, maize areas were one of the main explanatory variables in plateau models. To avoid collisions in these areas in future, a number of mitigation measures are outlined.