When particle dimensions are reduced to the order of several nanometers, their physical and chemical properties deviate significantly from the bulk properties of such materials. Because of this, there is abundant potential for their use in future technologies including electronic and optoelectronic, mechanical, chemical, cosmetic, medical, drug, and food technologies. However, due to their extremely small sizes, the particles suffer from many problems related to their surface and thermal stability, shape preservation, handling, assembly in devices, etc. It is therefore an important challenge to solve these problems by developing slightly larger particles (e.g. on the submicrometer scale) in which the properties generated by the nanoscale material are preserved. One approach to this is to trap nanoparticles in a micrometer-sized inert matrix. This approach allows the nanoscale properties to be retained, since nanoparticles are separated from each other in the inert matrix. The inert matrix also serves as a coating medium that inhibits any chemical changes to the surface of the nanoparticles. Their larger size allows easy handling or assembly in devices. A promising method for designing and fabricating these composite structures is a spray method, in which spherical particles can be produced. In this paper, we review the nanostructural processing (synthesis) of submicrometer-sized particles by a spray method, which provides a restricted reaction environment (such as pores or cages) in the matrix for their synthesis and handling. The characterization and potential applications of these composites are also discussed.

Nanoparticle transport into plants is an evolving field of research with diverse applications in agriculture and biotechnology. This article provides an overview of the challenges and prospects associated with the transport of nanoparticles in plants, focusing on delivery methods and the detection of nanoparticles within plant tissues. Passive and assisted delivery methods, including the use of roots and leaves as introduction sites, are discussed, along with their respective advantages and limitations. The barriers encountered in nanoparticle delivery to plants are highlighted, emphasizing the need for innovative approaches (e.g., the stem as a new recognition site) to optimize transport efficiency. In recent years, research efforts have intensified, leading to an evendeeper understanding of the intricate mechanisms governing the interaction of nanomaterials with plant tissues and cells. Investigations into the uptake pathways and translocation mechanisms within plants have revealed nuanced responses to different types of nanoparticles. Additionally, this article delves into the importance of detection methods for studying nanoparticle localization and quantification within plant tissues. Various techniques are presented as valuable tools for comprehensively understanding nanoparticle–plant interactions. The reliance on multiple detection methods for data validation is emphasized to enhance the reliability of the research findings. The future outlooks of this field are explored, including the potential use of alternative introduction sites, such as stems, and the continued development of nanoparticle formulations that improve adhesion and penetration. By addressing these challenges and fostering multidisciplinary research, the field of nanoparticle transport in plants is poised to make significant contributions to sustainable agriculture and environmental management.