The foundation of all biological processes is the network of diverse and dynamic protein interactions with other molecules in cells known as the interactome. Understanding the interactome is crucial for elucidating molecular mechanisms but has been a longstanding challenge. Recent developments in mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques, including affinity purification, proximity labeling, cross-linking, and co-fractionation mass spectrometry (MS), have significantly enhanced our abilities to study the interactome. They do so by identifying and quantifying protein interactions yielding profound insights into protein organizations and functions. This review summarizes recent advances in MS-based interactomics, focusing on the development of techniques that capture protein-protein, protein-metabolite, and protein-nucleic acid interactions. Additionally, we discuss how integrated MS-based approaches have been applied to diverse biological samples, focusing on significant discoveries that have leveraged our understanding of cellular functions. Finally, we highlight state-of-the-art bioinformatic approaches for predictions of interactome and complex modeling, as well as strategies for combining experimental interactome data with computation methods, thereby enhancing the ability of MS-based techniques to identify protein interactomes. Indeed, advances in MS technologies and their integrations with computational biology provide new directions and avenues for interactome research, leveraging new insights into mechanisms that govern the molecular architecture of living cells and, thereby, our comprehension of biological processes.

Although type 2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs) have been demonstrated to play important roles in regulating plant development and various stress responses, their specific roles in rice abiotic stress tolerance are still largely unknown. In this study, the functions of OsPP65 in rice osmotic and salt stress tolerance were investigated. Here, we report that OsPP65 is responsive to multiple stresses and is remarkably induced by osmotic and salt stress treatments. OsPP65 was highly expressed in rice seedlings and leaves and localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm. OsPP65 knockout rice plants showed enhanced tolerance to osmotic and salt stresses. Significantly higher induction of genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis or signaling, as well as higher contents of endogenous JA and ABA, were observed in the OsPP65 knockout plants compared with the wild-type plants after osmotic stress treatment. Further analysis indicated that JA and ABA function independently in osmotic stress tolerance conferred by loss of OsPP65. Moreover, metabolomics analysis revealed higher endogenous levels of galactose and galactinol but a lower content of raffinose in the OsPP65 knockout plants than in the wild-type plants after osmotic stress treatment. These results together suggest that OsPP65 negatively regulates osmotic and salt stress tolerance through regulation of the JA and ABA signaling pathways and modulation of the raffinose family oligosaccharide metabolism pathway in rice. OsPP65 is a promising target for improvement of rice stress tolerance using gene editing.

Curcumin could be used as a modulator of gut microbiota for intestinal health improvement and immunity homeostasisviamodulation of the BA-FXR pathway and ILC3s function.