Background: Both genetic and dietary factors play significant roles in the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC). To evaluate the relationship between certain food exposures and the risk of CRC, we carried out a large-scale association analysis in the UK Biobank. Methods: The associations of 139 foods and nutrients’ intake with CRC risk were assessed among 118,210 participants. A polygenic risk score (PRS) of CRC was created to explore any interaction between dietary factors and genetic susceptibility in CRC risk. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of CRC risk linked to dietary variables and PRS were estimated using Cox regression models. Multiple comparisons were corrected using the error discovery rate (FDR). Results: During a mean follow-up of 12.8 years, 1466 incidents of CRC were identified. In the UK Biobank, alcohol and white bread were associated with increased CRC risk, and their HRs were 1.08 (95% CI: 1.03–1.14; FDRP = 0.028) and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05–1.16; FDRP = 0.003), whereas dietary fiber, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese intakes were inversely associated. We found no evidence of any PRS–nutrient interaction relationship in relation to CRC risk. Conclusions: Our results show that higher intakes of alcohol and white bread are associated with increased CRC risk, whilst dietary fiber, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and manganese are inversely associated.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive malignancy with limited targeted therapies and a substantial unmet clinical need. Immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative frontier in TNBC, with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) representing a major category of this approach. The KEYNOTE-522 trial established pembrolizumab, an ICI, combined with chemotherapy as a standard neoadjuvant regimen for TNBC. However, the clinical outcomes of neoadjuvant immunotherapy-containing regimens are influenced by multiple factors, including the specific immunotherapeutic agents employed, companion strategies (such as distinct chemotherapy backbones or antibody-drug conjugates), patient characteristics, and trial design. Therefore, the implementation of neoadjuvant immunotherapy in broader clinical practice should be approached with caution. Elderly patients (≥65 years, over one-quarter of all breast cancer cases) may experience reduced efficacy from immunotherapy due to immunosenescence and are more susceptible to treatment-associated toxicity. Leveraging the neoadjuvant setting for biomarker-driven risk stratification will be essential to guide age-tailored treatment optimization and minimize unnecessary toxicity. This perspective highlights the opportunities and challenges associated with neoadjuvant immunotherapy in TNBC and outlines future directions for optimizing its clinical application.

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Traditional cancer research models face inherent limitations: two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures fail to capture the complexity of tumor biology, whereas animal models are confounded by species-specific discrepancies. The integration of tumor organoids with three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting has recently emerged as a transformative strategy. This approach combines the histological and genetic fidelity of organoids with the spatial precision and structural controllability of 3D bioprinting, thereby enabling the fabrication of biomimetic tumor models. Such models more faithfully recapitulate critical features of the tumor microenvironment (TME), addressing major gaps in conventional experimental systems. This review systematically examines the principles, recent advances, and translational applications of 3D bioprinting-enabled tumor organoids, including the biological basis of organoids, key bioprinting strategies, and technical considerations. Major applications involve constructing heterogeneous TMEs with immune interactions, engineering vascularized tumor structures, enabling high-throughput drug screening, validating bioprinted organoids in clinical samples, and advancing the clinical translation, regulatory frameworks, and Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) compliance of tumor organoids. Despite substantial progress, several challenges remain, including limited printing resolution, instability of bioinks, difficulties in sustaining long-term culture, and standardization gaps. Nevertheless, integration with emerging technologies such as microfluidics, artificial intelligence (AI), big data analytics, and standardized biomanufacturing platforms is anticipated to bridge basic tumor research with clinical translation. Ultimately, these synergistic advances may accelerate the development of personalized cancer therapies and improve patient outcomes.