Clean gas fire suppressants with high efficiency are widely applied. This paper provides a systematic review of the research advances in the novel environmentally friendly suppressant, C₆F₁₂O. Considering the principle of screening fire suppressants, the physical and chemical properties of C₆F₁₂O are presented first. Specifically, research on the measurement of the thermodynamic parameters, toxicity, corrosion, environmental compatibility and dispersion characteristics are summarized, revealing that the poor dispersibility, corrosion of the hydrolysates (perfluoropropionic acid), corrosion and toxicity of thermal breakdown products such as HF and COF₂ and environmentally unfriendly products such as perfluorocarbons should be paid more attention. Three main synthesis routes of C₆F₁₂O are also introduced in view of its promising prospects for application. Furthermore, the fire extinguishing efficiency of C₆F₁₂O has been fully investigated in both a laboratory burner scale and full-scale fire extinguishing experiment, the results of which show that the minimum extinguishing volume concentration of C₆F₁₂O is lower than HFCs, but the mass concentration is much higher. Although C₆F₁₂O has shown satisfactory fire extinguishing performance in various fire protection scenarios, fire enhancement phenomenon and the large production of HF have been observed during fire extinguishment. Finally, the fire extinguishing mechanism of C₆F₁₂O has been discussed. The flame suppression effect of C₆F₁₂O, combustion enhancement phenomenon and the influence of water in the reaction zone have been revealed. This review fully evaluates C₆F₁₂O, in hope that it will provide a reference for follow-up research and the development of a halon replacement.

Maillard reactions generate a wide array of amino acid- and sugar-derived intermediates; the isomeric mixtures of glycated amino acids are of particular interest. Excluding stereoisomers, regioisomers, and various anomers, most amino acids can form two monoglycated and three N,N-diglycated isomers when reacted with sugars during the Maillard reaction. Using synthetic Schiff bases and Amadori compounds as standards, we have demonstrated that diagnostic ions obtained from MS/MS fragmentations in negative ionization mode can be used effectively for the discrimination between glucose-derived Schiff bases and their corresponding Amadori compounds in both mono- and diglycated forms. The utilization of these diagnostic ions and isotopic labeling in the glycine/glucose model system revealed that milling glucose/glycine mixtures for 30 min/30 Hz at ambient temperature produced monoglycated glycine in equal proportions of Amadori and Schiff base forms, whereas diglycated glycine was a mixture of the three isomers: Schiff-Schiff, Schiff-Amadori, or Amadori-Amadori in approximately equal molar proportions. The above results were further corroborated using a synthetic histidine Amadori product, N,N-difructosyl-β-alanine, dipeptides, and ribose. Using mechanochemistry as a convenient synthetic tool in combination with MS/MS diagnostic ions, the isomeric diversity of the early stages of the Maillard reaction can be revealed.