The characteristics of photovoltaic (PV) are directly affected by partial shading (PS) conditions due to the non-uniform irradiance. The PV system can be compromised based on the shading pattern as well as the shading area. Thus, the need for a solution that can deal with non-uniform irradiance has increased significantly. Consequently, this paper proposes a thorough analysis of the impact of PS patterns on different PV array configurations such as SP, TCT, and BL. The five optimization algorithms PSO, DA, MLS-SPA, IGWO, and BWO, were used to tune the variable step of the conventional P&O technique to extract the maximum power point. The proposed PV array is $4\times 4$ with a fixed location, yet changing electrical connections. The main objective and novelty of this paper is to locate the Global Maximum Power Point (GMPP) of a PV array while the occurrence of different PSC with fast change of hybrid load e.g., (resistive and pump load). The results showed the superior performance of the IGWO algorithm regarding the maximum power tracking and disturbance rejection.

In this review, interest has been given in the past few years to biopolymer-based nanoparticle drug delivery systems that possess antioxidant properties and are being worked on in the field of pharmaceutical research for their importance in treating many serious diseases. These systems not only provide antioxidant properties that help in reducing diseases associated with oxidative stress but also provide promising ways to administer targeted drugs from many applications and organizations. There is a continuous need for new and fruitful therapeutic approaches and drug delivery systems (DDSs) because the healthcare sector is generally dynamic and needs to work on many new drugs. Drug delivery systems (DDSs) play a major role in significantly improving the efficacy of treatment, reducing the side effects of the patient from taking the vaccine, and improving the patient's compliance with recovery. Many nanocomposites such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, nano tubes, and other nanomaterials have been used in tissue engineering and various applications such as drug delivery. Biopolymer-based drug delivery systems hold great potential as well, as they can encapsulate medications and offer precise and regulated release. These systems also have the advantages of reduced immunogenicity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. The biopolymer matrices comprising proteins, poly esters, polysaccharides, and nucleotides significantly enhance the adaptability and performance of drug delivery systems. Furthermore, mate rials with antioxidant characteristics have emerged as major participants in the challenging fight against diseases connected with oxidative stress because they provide protection against chronic diseases and cell damage, which is a tremendous advantage. The creation of antioxidant nanoformulations based on biopolymers is a crucial and quickly developing field of study that has published a large number of papers in recent years. This report offers a thorough summary of the most recent advancements in this field of health over the previous five years. It includes different biopolymer materials, production procedures, stabilizers, factors affecting degradation, and medication release. It also provides im portant insight into the latest advancements in this ever-changing industry, as well as the opportunities and difficulties that exist.