Maintaining nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis is essential for normal plant physiological processes. However, very little is known about the mechanisms of NO modulation in plants. Here, we report a unique mechanism for the catabolism of NO based on the reaction with the plant hormone cytokinin. We screened for NO-insensitive mutants in Arabidopsis and isolated two allelic lines, cnu1-1 and 1–2 ( continuous NO-unstressed 1 ), that were identified as the previously reported altered meristem program 1 ( amp1 ) and as having elevated levels of cytokinins. A double mutant of cnu1-2 and nitric oxide overexpression 1 ( nox1 ) reduced the severity of the phenotypes ascribed to excess NO levels as did treating the nox1 line with trans -zeatin, the predominant form of cytokinin in Arabidopsis . We further showed that peroxinitrite, an active NO derivative, can react with zeatin in vitro, which together with the results in vivo suggests that cytokinins suppress the action of NO most likely through direct interaction between them, leading to the reduction of endogenous NO levels. These results provide insights into NO signaling and regulation of its bioactivity in plants.

Graphene, a carbon nanomaterial made of a two-dimensional layer of a single atome thick with 100% sp² hybridization C, has exhibited excellent adsorption capacity for sample preparation in analytical science. This review will provide an overview of the applications of graphene-based materials in sample preparation based on π-π interaction between the graphene layers and aromatic containing analytes. In the field of sample preparation, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is performed passing the sample solution onto a graphene containing cartridge for selective retention of analytes. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is performed using small graphene-coated fibers plunged into the liquid sample to extract analytes later desorbed by heat in a gas chromatography injector. In this review, recent applications of graphene and its composites for SPE and SPME are summarized, and future applications of graphene and graphene-based materials are discussed.