Background: The effect of obesity in early adulthood and weight loss on incident hypertension in older age has not been well characterized. This study aimed to examine the association of weight loss from young adulthood to midlife with risk of incident hypertension later in life. Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Five weight change groups were categorized: stable normal, weight loss, weight gain, maximum overweight and stable obese. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association between weight change and risk of hypertension in later life were estimated using Cox regression models. Results: Compared with participants who maintained normal weight, the stable obese, weight gain, maximum overweight and weight loss groups exhibited significantly higher risks of incident hypertension, with HR of 3.28 (95% CI = 2.71 to 3.96), 2.93 (95% CI = 2.62 to 3.28), 1.76 (95% CI = 1.55 to 2.00) and 1.97 (95% CI = 1.17 to 3.31), respectively. We also observed a lower risk among those in the weight loss group (HR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.35 to 1.02) compared with those who were stable obese. Conclusions: Weight loss from early to middle adulthood was associated with lower risk of incident hypertension as compared to those who stayed obese and higher risk of incident hypertension as compared to those who maintained normal weight. Thus, maintaining normal weight throughout adulthood may be important for the primary prevention of hypertension.

Purpose: This study aimed to assess associations between forms of vitamin A and E (both individually and collectively) and the risk of prostate cancer, as well as identify potential effect modifiers. Methods: Utilizing data from the Singapore Prostate Cancer Study, a hospital-based case-control study, we measured the serum concentrations of 15 different forms of vitamins A and E in 156 prostate cancer patients and 118 control subjects, using a high-performance liquid chromatography technique. These forms included retinol, lutein, zeaxanthin, α-cryptoxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, ubiquinone, δ-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, δ-tocotrienol, γ-tocotrienol, and α-tocotrienol. The odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for associations between vitamin A and E and prostate cancer risk were estimated using logistic regression models after adjustment for potential confounders. The analyses were further stratified by smoking and alcohol consumption status. The mixture effect of micronutrient groups was evaluated using weighted quantile sum regression. Results: Higher concentrations of retinol, lutein, α-carotene, β-carotene, ubiquinone, α-tocopherol, δ-tocotrienol, γ-tocotrienol, and α-tocotrienol were significantly and positively associated with overall prostate cancer risk. Among ever-smokers, associations were stronger for lutein, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene compared with never-smokers. Among regular alcohol drinkers, associations were stronger for lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, ubiquinone, γ-tocotrienol and α-tocotrienol compared with non-regular alcohol drinkers. Retinol and α-tocotrienol contributed most to the group indices ‘vitamin A and provitamin A carotenoids’ and ‘vitamin E’, respectively. Conclusions: Several serum vitamin A and E forms were associated with prostate cancer risk, with significant effect modification by smoking and alcohol consumption status. Our findings shed light on prostate cancer etiology.

Family history of lung cancer (FHLC) has been widely studied but most prospective cohort studies have primarily been conducted in non‐Asian countries. We assessed the association between FHLC with risk of lung cancer (LC) incidence and mortality in a population of East Asian individuals. A total of 478,354 participants from 11 population‐based cohorts in the Asia Cohort Consortium were included. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 7,785 LC incident cases were identified. FHLC (any LC subtype) was associated with an increased risk of LC incidence (HR = 1.45, 95% CI = 1.30–1.63). The positive association was observed in men and women (HR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.26–1.66 in men; HR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.22–1.79 in women), and in both never‐smokers and ever‐smokers (HR = 1.43, 95% CI = 1.18–1.73 in never‐smokers; HR = 1.46, 95% CI =1.27–1.67 in ever‐smokers). FHLC was associated with an increased risk of lung adenocarcinoma (HR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.36–1. 94), squamous cell carcinoma (HR = 1.88, 95% CI: 1.46–2.44), and other non‐small cell LC (HR = 1.94, 95% CI: 1.02–3.68). However, we found no evidence of significant effect modification by sex, smoking status, and ethnic groups. In conclusion, FHLC was associated with increased risk of LC incidence and mortality, and the associations remained consistent regardless of sex, smoking status and ethnic groups among the East Asian population.

OBJECTIVE: Despite rising diabetes prevalence among women, data on long-term diabetes risk following gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), particularly its recurrence, remain limited, especially for Asian women. This study examined associations among GDM, its recurrence, and subsequent diabetes risk across multiple ethnic groups. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 326,115 mothers with singleton pregnancies in the Kaiser Permanente Southern California health care system, followed from their first delivery after January 2007 until diabetes onset outside of pregnancy, end of membership, or December 2022. GDM was identified through glucose screenings during each pregnancy; diabetes was diagnosed using glucose or HbA1c levels, antidiabetes medications, or ICD codes. Cox regression models with time-varying GDM status estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for diabetes risk. RESULTS: Over a median follow-up of 6.2 (IQR 2.8–10.6) years, 45,935 of 442,225 pregnancies were complicated by GDM, including 4,842 recurrent GDM pregnancies. Among all ethnic groups, Asian women had the highest GDM and recurrence rates (20.18% and 53.28%, respectively). Compared with non-GDM history, GDM was associated with a more than fivefold increased diabetes risk (HR 5.87 [95% CI 5.67–6.08]). Recurrent GDM was associated with an almost 10-fold increase in diabetes risk (HR 9.91 [95% CI 9.14–10.75]), with Asian women showing the highest risk (HR 11.74 [95% CI 9.64–14.30]). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with no GDM, GDM was significantly associated with higher diabetes risk, with recurrent GDM doubling the risk, underscoring the need for tailored screening and prevention strategies across racial and ethnic groups.