Exposure to potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in commonly used substances remains a serious public health concern, especially in low-regulation environments. This study assessed and compared the concentrations of five PTEs, cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu), in marijuana and Aspen-brand cigarettes consumed in Bauchi, Nigeria. Using atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS), we analyzed PTE content in both substances after acid digestion and proper calibration. Cigarettes showed higher levels of all tested metals. Cd (3.12 μg/g) and Pb (0.88 μg/g) in cigarettes exceeded WHO limits, while marijuana contained lower levels of Cd (0.645 μg/g) and Pb (0.11 μg/g), with only Cd approaching the level that poses environmental and public health concern. Zn (71.2 μg/g), Cu (64.0 μg/g), and Fe (19.2 μg/g) were also significantly higher in cigarettes (p < 0.01). The high levels of Cd and Pb in cigarettes indicate that smokers are more exposed to harmful PTEs through inhalation than marijuana users, which points to a greater health risk from cigarette use. These findings call for stronger policies and regulations that ensure cleaner agricultural practices and industrial accountability to minimize exposure to harmful PTEs and protect community health in Bauchi.

Pandemic response strategies have traditionally relied on classical epidemiological models such as SIR and SEIR, which primarily focus on the biological transmission of infectious diseases. However, these models often overlook the significant influence of public behavior, trust in science, and the rapid dissemination of misinformation. This paper proposes an integrated conceptual framework that bridges these gaps by combining epidemic modeling with behavioral and informational dynamics in what is termed a "Dual-Spread Model." Through a synthesis of literature, historical examples (COVID-19, H1N1, Ebola), and illustrative diagrams, the study reveals how misinformation, public trust, and community responses can either amplify or suppress disease spread. The framework emphasizes feedback loops between disease outcomes, information flows, and behavioral responses, offering practical insights for policymakers. Key policy recommendations include behavior-informed vaccination campaigns, targeted communication strategies, and coordinated efforts between public health institutions and information platforms. This interdisciplinary approach provides a more robust and adaptive tool for future pandemic preparedness and response.