Fungi are an important and diverse component in various ecosystems. The methods to identify different fungi are an important step in any mycological study. Classical methods of fungal identification, which rely mainly on morphological characteristics and modern use of DNA based molecular techniques, have proven to be very helpful to explore their taxonomic identity. In the present compilation, we provide detailed information on estimates of fungi provided by different mycologistsover time. Along with this, a comprehensive analysis of the importance of classical and molecular methods is also presented. In orderto understand the utility of genus and species specific markers in fungal identification, a polyphasic approach to investigate various fungi is also presented in this paper. An account of the study of various fungi based on culture-based and cultureindependent methods is also provided here to understand the development and significance of both approaches. The available information on classical and modern methods compiled in this study revealed that the DNA based molecular studies are still scant, and more studies are required to achieve the accurate estimation of fungi present on earth.

Recently, the climate change and ecological imbalances have emerged as key determinants of infectious diseases in plant populations. In this review, we explore the complex association between climate change, ecological disruptions, resulting into emergence of pathogens affecting plant health. Through an in-depth analysis of scientific evidences, we examine the mechanisms underlying pathogen expansion and the implications over biodiversity and the global agriculture. Moreover, through certain examples of plant diseases from diverse ecosystems, we highlight the importance of understanding the underlying factors to develop effective strategies for disease management. overall, this review uncovers a complex interplay between climate change and ecological factors and presents insights into the dynamics of plant disease transmission and the role of climate-induced ecological disturbances to safeguard world food security and ecological balance.