In this work, the air dielectric barrier discharge plasma was applied to a model of protein human serum albumin to explore plasma‐mediated protein damage from a biomolecular perspective. Carbonylation and side chain modifications of protein in solution were observed by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). Protein backbone cleavage is proved by Bradford assay, sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and MS. Typical fragments are in the range of 10–12 kDa. The decrease in α ‐helix and increase in β ‐sheet indicated by FT‐IR are major protein secondary structure changes. Accordingly, a whole map of protein oxidative damage and structural changes in response to the plasma was postulated.

In this study, the agricultural traits, alkaloids content and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy (2DCOS-IR) analysis of the tobacco after Berberine Bridge Enzyme-Like Proteins (BBLs) knockout were investigated. The knockout of BBLs has limited effect on tobacco agricultural traits. After the BBLs knockout, nicotine and most alkaloids are significantly reduced, but the content of myosmine and its derivatives increases dramatically. In order to identify the gene editing of tobacco, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on the FT-IR and 2DCOS-IR spectroscopy data. The results showed that FT-IR can distinguish between tobacco roots and leaves but cannot classify the gene mutation tobacco from the wild one. 2DCOS-IR can enhance the characteristics of the samples due to the increased apparent resolution of the spectra. Using the autopeaks in the synchronous map for PCA analysis, we successfully identified the mutants with an accuracy of over 90%.

We report on the formation of multiple-core structures in laser-sustained plasmas (LSPs) through the utilization of an improved two-dimensional laser-thermal-hydrodynamically coupled fluid model. Our findings reveal that steady-state LSPs exhibit various temperature structures, including single, double, and triple cores, as the input laser power increases incrementally. The spatiotemporal distributions of these multiple-core structures are demonstrated, and the presence of an LSP core is identified when the rate of enthalpy change becomes positive. This behavior is predominantly influenced by factors such as laser power absorption, radiation, and diffusion along the laser path. The obtained results provide explicit insights into the temperature structures within LSPs, thereby potentially contributing to the advancement of LSP-based light sources for optical wafer defect inspection in the semiconductor industry.