Vaginal microbiome is mutually beneficial to the host and has a significant impact on health and disease. Candida species, including Candida albicans, are part of the mucosal flora of most healthy women. Under suitable conditions, they can live in the vulvovaginal mucosa, resulting in symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). Based on the analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences, great progress has been made in exploring the composition and structure of vaginal bacterial community. Moreover, researchers have conducted several studies on whether vaginal microbiome will change during VVC infection. In addition, it has been reported that vaginal colonization of probiotics in vaginal microorganisms, especially Lactobacillus, can effectively reduce the risk of VVC and treat VVC. This review aims to summarize the changes of vaginal microflora during VVC infection, and further point out the possibility of using lactic acid bacteria as probiotics to treat VVC, so as to reduce the adverse consequences of VVC infection and reduce the expensive treatment cost.

Low fertility rate has become an inevitable problem globally. Although current policies have a certain effect on promoting fertility and raising the birth rate, the overall effect is not obvious to meet the need. Therefore, the exploration of fertility intention and its affecting factors is extremely significant. This study collected demographic data and the intention of respondents to have a second children, which focused on the factors that could affect fertility issues. 11,031 respondents were divided into non-fertile group (n = 5062) and fertile group (n = 5969) according to whether they had children or not, and the fertility group (n = 5969) were divided into group with 1-2 children (n = 5293) and group with ≥3 children (n = 676) according to the number of children. Non-fertility respondents aged 26-40 (n = 1369) were divided to explore the factors affecting the second-children intention. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to determine the affecting factors. It was revealed that gender [Male: OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.54-0.68], age [26-40: OR: 16.0, 95% CI: 13.4-19.1; 41-60: OR: 233.8, 95% CI: 186.7-292.6; >60: OR: 105.6, 95% CI: 77.1-144.6], political status [Partisans: OR: 0.48, 95% CI: 0.42-0.54], highest educational level [Middle school: OR: 0.21, 95% CI: 0.17-0.26; College degree or above: OR: 0.09, 95% CI: 0.08-0.11], whether having chronic disease [Yes: OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.60-2.38] and depression [Mild depression: OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.56-0.72; Moderate depression: OR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.36-0.53; Moderate to severe depression: OR: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.35-0.57; Severe depression: OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.33-0.74] were important factors affecting fertility intention. We found that age [26-40: OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.08-0.15; 41-60: OR: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.12-0.18; >60: 0.81, 95% CI: 0.66-0.99], region [Central China: OR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.20-1.86; Western China: OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.41-2.18], resident place [Urban: OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.49-0.72], per capita monthly household income [6001-12000: OR: 0.63, 95% CI:0.46-0.83; ≥12,000: OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.20-2.80], political status [Non-partisans: OR: 0.24, 95% CI: 0.09-0.69], highest educational level [Middle school: OR: 0.36, 95%CI: 0.27-0.46; College degree or above: OR: 0.22, 95% CI: 0.17-0.30] and anxiety [Moderate anxiety: OR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.04-1.88; Severe anxiety: OR: 2.19, 95% CI: 1.26-3.80] were the main affecting factors for choosing the number of children. Furthermore, the second-children intention investigation in respondents aged 26-40 showed that gender [Male: OR: 2.06, 95% CI: 1.67-2.53], resident place [Urban: OR: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.49-0.72], per capita monthly household income [≥12,000: OR: 1.86, 95% CI: 1.23-2.82] and pressure [Severe pressure: OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.34-0.85] were the important factors. Region, educational level, psychological factors, income, political status and medical insurance were the important factors affecting the intention of fertility and the number of children. The government should take these factors into account when optimizing the existing policy.

Tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) as an important component of tumor microenvironment (TME) are closely related with the occurrence, development, and metastasis of malignant tumors. TAMs are generally identified as two distinct functional populations in TME,i.e., inflammatory/anti-tumorigenic (M1) and regenerative/pro-tumorigenic (M2) phenotype. Evidence suggests that occupation of the TME by M2-TAMs is closely related to the inactivation of anti-tumor immune cells such as T cells in TME. Recently, efforts have been made to reeducate TAMs from M2- to M1- phenotype to enhance cancer immunotherapy, and great progress has been made in realizing efficient modulation of TAMs using nanomedicines. To help readers better understand this emerging field, the potential TAM reeducation targets for potentiating cancer immunotherapy and the underlying mechanisms are summarized in this review. Moreover, the most recent advances in utilizing nanomedicine for the TAM immunomodulation for augmented cancer immunotherapy are introduced. Finally, we conclude with our perspectives on the future development in this field.

Microvesicles known as exosomes have a diameter of 40 to 160 nm and are derived from small endosomal membranes. Exosomes have attracted increasing attention over the past ten years in part because they are functional vehicles that can deliver a variety of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids to the target cells they encounter. Because of this function, exosomes may be used for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of many diseases. All throughout the world, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) continue to be a significant cause of death. Because exosomes are mediators of communication between cells, which contribute to many physiological and pathological aspects, they may aid in improving CVD therapies as biomarkers for diagnosing and predicting CVDs. Many studies demonstrated that exosomes are associated with CVDs, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy and atrial fibrillation. Exosomes participate in the progression or inhibition of these diseases mainly through the contents they deliver. However, the application of exosomes in diferent CVDs is not very mature. So further research is needed in this field.

Due to its widespread occurrence and high mortality rate, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an abhorrent kind of cancer. Immunotherapy is a hot spot in the field of cancer treatment, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), which aim to improve the immune system’s ability to recognize, target and eliminate cancer cells. The composition of the HCC immune microenvironment is the result of the interaction of immunosuppressive cells, immune effector cells, cytokine environment, and tumor cell intrinsic signaling pathway, and immunotherapy with strong anti-tumor immunity has received more and more research attention due to the limited responsiveness of HCC to ICI monotherapy. There is evidence of an organic combination of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic agents and ICI catering to the unmet medical needs of HCC. Moreover, immunotherapies such as adoptive cellular therapy (ACT), cancer vaccines and cytokines also show encouraging efficacy. It can significantly improve the ability of the immune system to eradicate tumor cells. This article reviews the role of immunotherapy in HCC, hoping to improve the effect of immunotherapy and develop personalized treatment regimens.