High-temperature aerogels have garnered significant attention as promising insulation materials in various industries such as aerospace, automotive manufacturing, and beyond, owing to their remarkable thermal insulation properties coupled with low density. With advancements in manufacturing techniques, the thermal resilience of aerogels has considerable improvements. Notably, polyimide-based aerogels can endure temperatures up to 1000 °C, zirconia-based aerogels up to 1300 °C, silica-based aerogels up to 1500 °C, alumina-based aerogels up to 1800 °C, and carbon-based aerogels can withstand up to 2500 °C. This paper systematically discusses recent advancements in the thermal insulation performance of these five materials. It elaborates on the temperature resistance of aerogels and elucidates their thermal insulation mechanisms. Furthermore, it examines the impact of doping elements on the thermal conductivity of aerogels and consolidates various preparation methods aimed at producing aerogels capable of withstanding temperatures. In conclusion, by employing judicious composition design strategies, it is anticipated that the maximum tolerance temperature of aerogels can surpass 2500 °C, thus opening up new avenues for their application in extreme thermal environments.