In vivoandin vitrostudies show that chlorogenic acid methyl ester (CME) has been proven to be a potential nutraceutical for preventing inflammation.

Cycloxaprid, 9-((6-chloropyrid-3-yl)methyl)-4-nitro-8-oxa-10,11-dihydroimidazo-[2,3-a]-bicyclo-[3,2,1]-oct-3-ene, is a cis-configuration neonicotinoid insecticide. In the present study, the lethal and sublethal effect of cycloxaprid against Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae), was evaluated and compared with fipronil. Toxicity bioassays showed that cycloxaprid had slightly lower toxicity than fipronil. The minimum cycloxaprid concentration in sand and soil that causes 100% termite mortality was 100 ppm. Similar to fipronil, cycloxaprid significantly reduced wood consumption and tunneling activities of termites. In the tunneling-choice tests, termite tunneling activity measured in both length and area was significantly lower in sand treated with cycloxaprid (10 or 100 ppm) than that in untreated sand. In the aggregation-choice tests, cycloxaprid exhibited inhibition to termite aggregation starting from 100 ppm. In addition, cycloxaprid exhibited significant horizontal transfer effect at 10 ppm. In conclusion, our study showed that cycloxaprid is slightly less toxic than fipronil and more repellent to C. formosanus than fipronil. Future studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of cycloxaprid against subterranean termites in the field.

Previous studies have demonstrated that Trichoderma metabolites triggered aggregation behavior in Coptotermes formosanus (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). Building on this, the present work systematically evaluated the behavioral effects of three specific Trichoderma metabolites—phenol, ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate, and diglycolic acid—and their synergistic interactions with insecticides. We hypothesized that these metabolites attract C. formosanus through multiple behavioral mechanisms and enhance the toxicity of insecticides. Bioactivity showed that ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate and diglycolic acid exhibited no significant toxicity. Phenol (5 × 10⁻² to 5 µg/cm) and ethyl 2,4-dioxovalerate (5 × 10⁻¹ µg/cm) elicited trail-following behavior. In the no-choice insecticide synergy test, phenol or diglycolic acid combined with imidacloprid (50 µg/g) resulted in substantially higher mortality compared to insecticides alone. The combination of metabolites with fipronil resulted in 100% mortality in termites. In two-choice aggregation tests, termite presence on metabolite-treated filter papers was significantly elevated compared to the controls. Fipronil (10 μg/g) alone significantly reduced termite aggregation. But when fipronil was combined with the metabolites, termite presence on the treated papers increased significantly, resulting in a substantial rise in mortality and demonstrating a clear attract–kill synergy. These findings identify Trichoderma metabolites as safe and effective behavioral regulators for C. formosanus. By enhancing insecticidal efficacy through attractant–toxicity synergy, they represent promising candidates for developing novel termite control strategies.