This study investigates the parametric quality and reliability of 3D-printed scaffolds using a composite filament comprising a thermoplastic polymer and hydroxyapatite in 1:1 wt ratio. Employing a fused filament fabrication printer, we verified the 3D printing strategy, sintering temperature range, and preparation of hydroxyapatite scaffolds. To complete the study, in vitro cytotoxicity tests using animal and human cell models were conducted. The calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite (Ca/P ∼ 1.54) used in preparation of filament exhibited after sintering differences in crystalochemical phases in different rations, comparing to stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (Ca/P ≅ 1.67). The FFF process successfully produced scaffold macropores suitable for tissue vascularization (∼380 µm or smaller). Optimal sintering temperature for cell proliferation was identified at 1300 °C, especially effective for used investigated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite. Cytotoxicity assessment with murine and human fibroblastic cells demonstrated differing behaviour, emphasizing the need for careful material property modifications for practical scaffold utilization.

Marian Janek; Ida Vašková; Martina Pischová; Roman Fialka; Zora Hajdúchová; Peter Veteška; Jozef Feranc; Martina Horváth Orlovská; Peter Peciar; Erik Rakovský; Ľuboš Bača. Characteristics of sintered calcium deficient hydroxyapatite scaffolds produced by 3D printing. Journal of the European Ceramic Society 2024, 44, 5284 -5297.

Marian Janek, Ida Vašková, Martina Pischová, Roman Fialka, Zora Hajdúchová, Peter Veteška, Jozef Feranc, Martina Horváth Orlovská, Peter Peciar, Erik Rakovský, Ľuboš Bača. Characteristics of sintered calcium deficient hydroxyapatite scaffolds produced by 3D printing. Journal of the European Ceramic Society. 2024; 44 (9):5284-5297.

Marian Janek; Ida Vašková; Martina Pischová; Roman Fialka; Zora Hajdúchová; Peter Veteška; Jozef Feranc; Martina Horváth Orlovská; Peter Peciar; Erik Rakovský; Ľuboš Bača. 2024. "Characteristics of sintered calcium deficient hydroxyapatite scaffolds produced by 3D printing." Journal of the European Ceramic Society 44, no. 9: 5284-5297.

Stanislav Baratov; Elena Filonova; Anastasiya Ivanova; Muhammad Bilal Hanif; Muneeb Irshad; Muhammad Zubair Khan; Martin Motola; Sajid Rauf; Dmitry Medvedev. Current and further trajectories in designing functional materials for solid oxide electrochemical cells: A review of other reviews. Journal of Energy Chemistry 2024, 94, 302 -331.

Stanislav Baratov, Elena Filonova, Anastasiya Ivanova, Muhammad Bilal Hanif, Muneeb Irshad, Muhammad Zubair Khan, Martin Motola, Sajid Rauf, Dmitry Medvedev. Current and further trajectories in designing functional materials for solid oxide electrochemical cells: A review of other reviews. Journal of Energy Chemistry. 2024; 94 ():302-331.

Stanislav Baratov; Elena Filonova; Anastasiya Ivanova; Muhammad Bilal Hanif; Muneeb Irshad; Muhammad Zubair Khan; Martin Motola; Sajid Rauf; Dmitry Medvedev. 2024. "Current and further trajectories in designing functional materials for solid oxide electrochemical cells: A review of other reviews." Journal of Energy Chemistry 94, no. : 302-331.

K.S. Aryamol; Kuppusamy Kanagaraj; Senthilkumar Nangan; Jozef T. Haponiuk; Manunya Okhawilai; Saravanan Pandiaraj; Muhammad Bilal Hanif; Abdullah N. Alodhayb; Sabu Thomas; Natesan Thirumalaivasan; Sreeraj Gopi. Recent Advances of carbon Pathways for Sustainable Environment development. Environmental Research 2024, 250, 118513 .

K.S. Aryamol, Kuppusamy Kanagaraj, Senthilkumar Nangan, Jozef T. Haponiuk, Manunya Okhawilai, Saravanan Pandiaraj, Muhammad Bilal Hanif, Abdullah N. Alodhayb, Sabu Thomas, Natesan Thirumalaivasan, Sreeraj Gopi. Recent Advances of carbon Pathways for Sustainable Environment development. Environmental Research. 2024; 250 ():118513.

K.S. Aryamol; Kuppusamy Kanagaraj; Senthilkumar Nangan; Jozef T. Haponiuk; Manunya Okhawilai; Saravanan Pandiaraj; Muhammad Bilal Hanif; Abdullah N. Alodhayb; Sabu Thomas; Natesan Thirumalaivasan; Sreeraj Gopi. 2024. "Recent Advances of carbon Pathways for Sustainable Environment development." Environmental Research 250, no. : 118513.