University of Trier

Introduction: The objective assessment of shoulder function is important for personalized diagnosis, therapies and evidence-based practice but has been limited by specialized equipment and dedicated movement laboratories. Advances in AI-driven computer vision (CV) using consumer RGB cameras (red-blue-green) and open-source CV models offer the potential for routine clinical use. However, key concepts, evidence, and research gaps have not yet been synthesized to drive clinical translation. This scoping review aims to map related literature.Method: Following the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, a scoping review was conducted on PubMed and Scholar using search terms including “shoulder,” “pose estimation,” “camera”, and others. From 146 initial results, 27 papers focusing on clinical applicability and using consumer cameras were included. Analysis employed a Grounded Theory approach guided iterative refinement.Result: Studies primarily used Microsoft Kinect (infrared-based depth sensing, RGB camera; discontinued) or monocular consumer cameras with open-source CV-models, sometimes supplemented by LiDAR (laser-based depth sensing), wearables or markers. Technical validation studies against gold standards were scarce and too inconsistent for comparison. Larger range of motion (RoM) movements were accurately recorded, but smaller movements, rotations and scapula tracking remained challenging. For instance, one larger validation study comparing shoulder angles during arm raises to a marker-based gold-standard reported Pearson's R = 0.98 and a standard error of 2.4deg. OpenPose and Mediapipe were the most used CV-models. Recent efforts try to improve model performance by training with shoulder specific movements.Conclusion: Low-cost, routine clinical movement analysis to assess shoulder function using consumer cameras and CV seems feasible. It can provide acceptable accuracy for certain movement tasks and larger RoM. Capturing small, hidden or the entirety of shoulder movement requires improvements such as via training models with shoulder specific data or using dual cameras. Technical validation studies require methodological standardization, and clinical validation against established constructs is needed for translation into practice.

S. Spoo; F. Garcia; B. Braun; J. Cabri; B. Grimm. TOWARDS ROUTINE, LOW-COST CLINICAL MOVEMENT ANALYSIS TO ASSESS SHOULDER FUNCTION USING COMPUTER VISION AND CONSUMER CAMERAS: A SCOPING REVIEW. Orthopaedic Proceedings 2024, 106-B, 105 -105.

S. Spoo, F. Garcia, B. Braun, J. Cabri, B. Grimm. TOWARDS ROUTINE, LOW-COST CLINICAL MOVEMENT ANALYSIS TO ASSESS SHOULDER FUNCTION USING COMPUTER VISION AND CONSUMER CAMERAS: A SCOPING REVIEW. Orthopaedic Proceedings. 2024; 106-B (SUPP_18):105-105.

S. Spoo; F. Garcia; B. Braun; J. Cabri; B. Grimm. 2024. "TOWARDS ROUTINE, LOW-COST CLINICAL MOVEMENT ANALYSIS TO ASSESS SHOULDER FUNCTION USING COMPUTER VISION AND CONSUMER CAMERAS: A SCOPING REVIEW." Orthopaedic Proceedings 106-B, no. SUPP_18: 105-105.

We study the behavior of dynamic equilibria in mean field games with large time horizons in a dynamic consumer choice model. We show that if the stationary equilibrium in the associated infinite horizon game is unique, the dynamic equilibria of the finite horizon games converge to the stationary equilibrium of the infinite horizon game as the time horizon tends to infinity. If the stationary equilibrium is not unique, however, the situation becomes more involved. In this case, we show that in addition to convergence to the stationary equilibria, in the long run, the dynamic equilibria circle around randomized stationary equilibria for certain choices of boundary data.

Christoph Knochenhauer; Berenice Anne Neumann. Long-Run Behavior and Convergence of Dynamic Mean Field Equilibria. Dynamic Games and Applications 2024, 1 -39.

Christoph Knochenhauer, Berenice Anne Neumann. Long-Run Behavior and Convergence of Dynamic Mean Field Equilibria. Dynamic Games and Applications. 2024; ():1-39.

Christoph Knochenhauer; Berenice Anne Neumann. 2024. "Long-Run Behavior and Convergence of Dynamic Mean Field Equilibria." Dynamic Games and Applications , no. : 1-39.

This article is a commentary on a recently discovered testimony to Onesicritus, in which the writer speaks about his role as participant in the expedition of Alexander. It will be argued that the ideological backdrop of the testimony was Alexander’s claim to universalism, which was intended to be a response to the ancient Near Eastern discourse on empire. Alexander adopted ideological concepts of successful rulership used by the Achaemenids in order to stabilize control in Asia. For this purpose, he claimed to have carried his conquest to the Ocean, which implied universalism. That claim was the main theme in Onesicritus’ account and established the literary atmosphere in which the writer determined his role during the navigation of the Indian Ocean.

Julian Degen. Alexander and empire: a commentary on a new testimony to Onesicritus (Sen. Ben. 7.2.5). The Journal of Hellenic Studies 2024, 1 -16.

Julian Degen. Alexander and empire: a commentary on a new testimony to Onesicritus (Sen. Ben. 7.2.5). The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 2024; ():1-16.

Julian Degen. 2024. "Alexander and empire: a commentary on a new testimony to Onesicritus (Sen. Ben. 7.2.5)." The Journal of Hellenic Studies , no. : 1-16.