Chemical investigation of the methanol extract of the wood of Garcinia succifolia Kurz (Clusiaceae) led to the isolation of 1,5-dihydroxyxanthone (1), 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone (2), 1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone (3), 1,5,6-trihydroxyxanthone (4), 1,6,7-trihydroxyxanthone (5), and 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone (6). All of the isolated xanthones were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against bacterial reference strains, two Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATTC 25923, Bacillus subtillis ATCC 6633) and two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853), and environmental drug-resistant isolates (S. aureus B1, Enteroccoccus faecalis W1, and E. coli G1), as well as for their epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) of tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity. Only 1,5,6-trihydroxy-(4), 1,6,7-trihydroxy-(5), and 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthones (6) exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, however none was active against vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis. Additionally, 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone (2) showed synergism with oxacillin, but not with ampicillin. On the other hand, only 1,5-dihydroxyxanthone (1) and 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone (2) were found to exhibit the EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values of 90.34 and 223 nM, respectively.

Several plants of the Rubiaceae family possess potential pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant activity, for subsequent drug development. We investigated the methanolic extracts from the bark and wood of five Rubiaceae species for phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. Regarding the phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity, Mitragyna diversifolia wood (437.57 ± 9.90 mg GAE g-1) and Haldina cordifolia wood (30.11 ± 0.20 mg QE g-1) displayed the highest total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) respectively. Morinda coreia bark followed the highest antioxidant activities (IC50 = 360.58 ± 19.28 µg ml-1) in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity (DPPH), Catunaregam tomentosa bark (IC50 = 13.96 ± 5.32 µg ml-1) in the nitric oxide radical scavenging activity (NO), M. coreia wood (IC50 = 918.27 ± 0.16 µg ml-1) in the superoxide radical scavenging activity (SO) and M. coreia wood (IC50 = 236.65 ± 1.66 µg ml-1) in ferric reducing antioxidant power activity (FRAP). The TPC and TFC displayed strong correlations with DPPH in M. diversifolia wood and with FRAP in M. diversifolia bark and wood. We found high correlation between TFC and FRAP in all plant extracts except C. tomentosa wood, while no relation was detected between TFC and NO in all plant extracts. Comparing Rubiaceae species, the highest antioxidant potential were showed in C. tomentosa bark. Overall, it is worth mentioning that the Rubiaceae species exhibit potential as a promising source of natural antioxidants.

Commonly used to treat skin injuries in Asia, several Homalium spp. have been found to promote skin regeneration and wound healing. While ethnobotanical surveys report the use of H. bhamoense trunk bark as a wound salve, there are no studies covering bioactive properties. As impaired cutaneous healing is characterized by excessive inflammation, a series of inflammatory mediators involved in wound healing were targeted with a methanol extract obtained from H. bhamoense trunk bark. Results showed concentration-dependent inhibition of hyaluronidase and 5-lipoxygenase upon exposure to the extract, with IC₅₀ values of 396.9 ± 25.7 and 29.0 ± 2.3 µg mL⁻¹, respectively. H. bhamoense trunk bark extract also exerted anti-inflammatory activity by significantly suppressing the overproduction of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages at concentrations ranging from 125 to 1000 µg mL⁻¹, while leading to a biphasic effect on nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels. The phenolic profile was elucidated by HPLC-DAD, being characterized by the occurrence of ellagic acid as the main constituent, in addition to a series of methylated derivatives, which might underlie the observed anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings provide in vitro data on anti-inflammatory ability of H. bhamoense trunk bark, disclosing also potential cutaneous toxicity as assessed in HaCaT keratinocytes.

Microalgae represent promising biotechnological platforms for bioactive compound production with pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and biological activities of lipid extracts from three Chlorella species to evaluate their potential as antioxidant and antidiabetic sources. Lipid extraction using chloroform–methanol (2:1) followed by GC–MS analysis revealed distinct compound distributions: 29 compounds in C. ellipsoidea, 33 in C. sorokiniana, and 19 in C. vulgaris. Major bioactive compounds included 2-hexanol, 1,3,6-heptatriene, 4-(2,3-dimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-yl)-4-methylpentanal, n-hexadecanoic acid, and octadecanoic acid. Biological activity screening encompassed antioxidant assessment through DPPH• and •NO radical scavenging assays and FRAP analysis, while antidiabetic potential was evaluated using α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition assays. C. sorokiniana exhibited superior bioactivity with the highest antioxidant capacity (DPPH• IC₅₀ = 329.03 ± 4.30 µg/mL; •NO IC₅₀ = 435.53 ± 10.20 µg/mL; FRAP = 94.74 ± 5.72 mg TE/g) and strongest enzyme inhibition (α-glucosidase IC₅₀ = 752.75 ± 57.95 µg/mL; α-amylase IC₅₀ = 3458.50 ± 104.01 µg/mL). This is the first report on C. sorokiniana strain KU.B2′s biological properties and phytochemical profile. These findings establish C. sorokiniana as a valuable biotechnological platform for pharmaceutical bioactive compound development.

Background: This research aims to explore the phenolics identification, phenolics quantification, antioxidant and potential biofunctional properties of lesser-known Thai fruits and their potency to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Including, Antidesma puncticulatum, Dillenia indica, Diospyros decandra, Elaeagnus latifolia, Flacourtia indica, Garcinia dulcis, Lepisanthes fruticose, Mimusops elengi, Muntingia calabura, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Streblus asper, Syzygium cumini, Syzygium malaccense, Willughbeia edulis and Schleichera oleosa were analyzed by their phenolic and flavonoid content. These fruits have received limited scientific attention, prompting an investigation into their health benefits, particularly their relevance to diabetes management. Methods: The study utilized methanolic crude extracts to measure phenolic and flavonoid levels. Additionally, UHPLC-DAD was utilized to identify and quantify phenolics. The methanolic extracts were assessed for antioxidant and antidiabetic abilities, including α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition. Results and Conclusion: The study highlighted S. cumini as a rich source of phenolic (980.42 ± 0.89 mg GAE/g and flavonoid (3.55 ± 0.02 mg QE/g) compounds with strong antioxidant activity (IC₅₀ by DPPH; 3.00 ± 0.01 µg/ml, IC₅₀ by ABTS; 40 ± 0.01 µg/ml, FRAP; 898.63 ± 0.02 mg TE/ml). Additionally, S. cumini exhibited promising antidiabetic effects (S. cumini IC₅₀; 0.13 ± 0.01 mg/ml for α-glucosidase inhibition, 3.91 ± 0.05 mg/ml for α-amylase inhibition), compared to Acarbose (IC₅₀; 0.86 ± 0.01 mg/ml for α-glucosidase inhibition, 0.39 ± 0.05 mg/ml for α-amylase inhibition). Remarkably, compounds like catechins, gallic acid, kaempferol, and ellagic acid were identified in various quantities.This study suggests that these fruits, packed with phenolics, hold the potential to be included in an anti-diabetic diet and even pharmaceutical applications due to their health-promoting properties.