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Mr. Nguyen Tran
University of Chemistry Technology Prague

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0 Cell Culture
0 Toxicity
0 natural compounds
0 Anti-cancer
0 In Vitro Models

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Review
Published: 30 September 2020 in Toxins
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The determination of mycotoxins content in food is not sufficient for the prediction of their potential in vivo cytotoxicity because it does not reflect their bioavailability and mutual interactions within complex matrices, which may significantly alter the toxic effects. Moreover, many mycotoxins undergo biotransformation and metabolization during the intestinal absorption process. Biotransformation is predominantly the conversion of mycotoxins meditated by cytochrome P450 and other enzymes. This should transform the toxins to nontoxic metabolites but it may possibly result in unexpectedly high toxicity. Therefore, the verification of biotransformation and bioavailability provides valuable information to correctly interpret occurrence data and biomonitoring results. Among all of the methods available, the in vitro models using monolayer formed by epithelial cells from the human colon (Caco-2 cell) have been extensively used for evaluating the permeability, bioavailability, intestinal transport, and metabolism of toxic and biologically active compounds. Here, the strengths and limitations of both in vivo and in vitro techniques used to determine bioavailability are reviewed, along with current detailed data about biotransformation of mycotoxins. Furthermore, the molecular mechanism of mycotoxin effects is also discussed regarding the disorder of intestinal barrier integrity induced by mycotoxins.

ACS Style

Van Nguyen Tran; Jitka Viktorová; Tomáš Ruml. Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer. Toxins 2020, 12, 628 .

AMA Style

Van Nguyen Tran, Jitka Viktorová, Tomáš Ruml. Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer. Toxins. 2020; 12 (10):628.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Van Nguyen Tran; Jitka Viktorová; Tomáš Ruml. 2020. "Mycotoxins: Biotransformation and Bioavailability Assessment Using Caco-2 Cell Monolayer." Toxins 12, no. 10: 628.

Journal article
Published: 28 February 2020 in Toxins
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Mycotoxins found in randomly selected commercial milk thistle dietary supplement were evaluated for their toxicity in silico and in vitro. Using in silico methods, the basic physicochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties of the mycotoxins were predicted using ACD/Percepta. The in vitro cytotoxicity of individual mycotoxins was determined in mouse macrophage (RAW 264.7), human hepatoblastoma (HepG2), and human embryonic kidney (HEK 293T) cells. In addition, we studied the bioavailability potential of mycotoxins and silibinin utilizing an in vitro transwell system with differentiated human colon adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) simulating mycotoxin transfer through the intestinal epithelial barrier. The IC50 values for individual mycotoxins in studied cells were in the biologically relevant ranges as follows: 3.57–13.37 nM (T-2 toxin), 5.07–47.44 nM (HT-2 toxin), 3.66–17.74 nM (diacetoxyscirpenol). Furthermore, no acute toxicity was obtained for deoxynivalenol, beauvericin, zearalenone, enniatinENN-A, enniatin-A1, enniatin-B, enniatin-B1, alternariol, alternariol-9-methyl ether, tentoxin, and mycophenolic acid up to the 50 nM concentration. The acute toxicity of these mycotoxins in binary combinations exhibited antagonistic effects in the combinations of T-2 with DON, ENN-A1, or ENN-B, while the rest showed synergistic or additive effects. Silibinin had a significant protective effect against both the cytotoxicity of three mycotoxins (T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, DAS) and genotoxicity of AME, AOH, DON, and ENNs on HEK 293T. The bioavailability results confirmed that AME, DAS, ENN-B, TEN, T-2, and silibinin are transported through the epithelial cell layer and further metabolized. The bioavailability of silibinin is very similar to mycotoxins poor penetration.

ACS Style

Van Nguyen Tran; Jitka Viktorova; Katerina Augustynkova; Nikola Jelenova; Simona Dobiasova; Katerina Rehorova; Marie Fenclova; Milena Stranska-Zachariasova; Libor Vitek; Jana Hajslova; Tomas Ruml. In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Mycotoxins and Their Cocktails; Their Toxicity and Its Mitigation by Silibinin Pre-Treatment. Toxins 2020, 12, 148 .

AMA Style

Van Nguyen Tran, Jitka Viktorova, Katerina Augustynkova, Nikola Jelenova, Simona Dobiasova, Katerina Rehorova, Marie Fenclova, Milena Stranska-Zachariasova, Libor Vitek, Jana Hajslova, Tomas Ruml. In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Mycotoxins and Their Cocktails; Their Toxicity and Its Mitigation by Silibinin Pre-Treatment. Toxins. 2020; 12 (3):148.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Van Nguyen Tran; Jitka Viktorova; Katerina Augustynkova; Nikola Jelenova; Simona Dobiasova; Katerina Rehorova; Marie Fenclova; Milena Stranska-Zachariasova; Libor Vitek; Jana Hajslova; Tomas Ruml. 2020. "In Silico and In Vitro Studies of Mycotoxins and Their Cocktails; Their Toxicity and Its Mitigation by Silibinin Pre-Treatment." Toxins 12, no. 3: 148.

Comparative study
Published: 15 October 2013 in Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
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Ethanol fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells was performed in medium with different glucose concentrations. As the glucose content augmented from 200 to 250 g/L, the growth of the immobilized cells did not change while that of the free cells was reduced. At higher glucose concentration (300, 350, and 400 g/L), the cell proliferation significantly decreased and the residual sugar level sharply augmented for both the immobilized and free yeast. The specific growth rate of the immobilized cells was 27–65 % higher than that of the free cells, and the final ethanol concentration in the immobilized yeast cultures was 9.7–18.5 % higher than that in the free yeast cultures. However, the immobilized yeast demonstrated similar or slightly lower ethanol yield in comparison with the free yeast. High fermentation rate of the immobilized yeast was associated with low unsaturation degree of fatty acids in cellular membrane. Adsorption of S. cerevisiae cells on water hyacinth stem pieces in the nutritional medium decreased the unsaturation degree of membrane lipid and the immobilized yeast always exhibited lower unsaturation degree of membrane lipid than the free yeast in ethanol fermentation.

ACS Style

Nguyen Tran; Van Viet Man Le. Comparison of Alcoholic Fermentation Performance of the Free and Immobilized Yeast on Water Hyacinth Stem Pieces in Medium with Different Glucose Contents. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 2013, 172, 963 -972.

AMA Style

Nguyen Tran, Van Viet Man Le. Comparison of Alcoholic Fermentation Performance of the Free and Immobilized Yeast on Water Hyacinth Stem Pieces in Medium with Different Glucose Contents. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 2013; 172 (2):963-972.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nguyen Tran; Van Viet Man Le. 2013. "Comparison of Alcoholic Fermentation Performance of the Free and Immobilized Yeast on Water Hyacinth Stem Pieces in Medium with Different Glucose Contents." Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 172, no. 2: 963-972.

Journal article
Published: 01 May 2013 in Biochemical Engineering Journal
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ACS Style

Thi Hai Anh Mai; Van Nguyen Tran; Van Viet Man Le. Biochemical studies on the immobilized lactase in the combined alginate–carboxymethyl cellulose gel. Biochemical Engineering Journal 2013, 74, 81 -87.

AMA Style

Thi Hai Anh Mai, Van Nguyen Tran, Van Viet Man Le. Biochemical studies on the immobilized lactase in the combined alginate–carboxymethyl cellulose gel. Biochemical Engineering Journal. 2013; 74 ():81-87.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Thi Hai Anh Mai; Van Nguyen Tran; Van Viet Man Le. 2013. "Biochemical studies on the immobilized lactase in the combined alginate–carboxymethyl cellulose gel." Biochemical Engineering Journal 74, no. : 81-87.