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In many Baltic regions, short-rotation willow (Salix spp.) is used as a vegetation filter for wastewater treatment and recycling of valuable nutrients to upsurge bioeconomy development. In this context, a four-year field trial (2016–2019) was carried out near a wastewater treatment plant in eastern Finland (Outokumpu) to investigate the effect of the processed wastewater (WW) on biomass production as well as the nutrients uptake capability (mainly N and P) by a willow variety (Salix schwerinii). Results indicated that WW irrigation expressively increased the willow diameter growth and biomass yield around 256% and 6510%, respectively, compared to the control treatment site (without WW). The willow was also able to accumulate approximately 41–60% of the N and 32–50% of the P in two years (2018–2019). Overall, willow showed a total 20% mortality rate under WW irrigation throughout the growing periods (2017–2019) as compared to control (39%). The results demonstrate that willow has the potential to control eutrophication (reducing nutrients load) from the wastewater with the best survival rate and can provide high biomass production for bioenergy generations in cold climatic conditions.
Muhammad Mohsin; Erik Kaipiainen; Mir Md Abdus Salam; Nikolai Evstishenkov; Nicole Nawrot; Aki Villa; Ewa Wojciechowska; Suvi Kuittinen; Ari Pappinen. Biomass Production and Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Processed Municipal Wastewater by Salix schwerinii: A Field Trial. Water 2021, 13, 2298 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Mohsin, Erik Kaipiainen, Mir Md Abdus Salam, Nikolai Evstishenkov, Nicole Nawrot, Aki Villa, Ewa Wojciechowska, Suvi Kuittinen, Ari Pappinen. Biomass Production and Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Processed Municipal Wastewater by Salix schwerinii: A Field Trial. Water. 2021; 13 (16):2298.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Mohsin; Erik Kaipiainen; Mir Md Abdus Salam; Nikolai Evstishenkov; Nicole Nawrot; Aki Villa; Ewa Wojciechowska; Suvi Kuittinen; Ari Pappinen. 2021. "Biomass Production and Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Processed Municipal Wastewater by Salix schwerinii: A Field Trial." Water 13, no. 16: 2298.
This paper provides an overview of different methods of assessing the trace metal (TM) contamination status of sediments affected by anthropogenic interference. The geochemical background determination methods are also described. A total of 25 papers covering rivers, lakes, and retention tanks sediments in areas subjected to anthropogenic pressure from the last three years (2019, 2020, and 2021) were analysed to support our examination of the assessment measures. Geochemical and ecotoxicological classifications are presented that may prove useful for sediment evaluation. Among the geochemical indices, several individual pollution indices (CF, Igeo, EF, Pi (SPI), PTT), complex pollution indices (PLI, Cdeg, mCdeg, Pisum, PIAvg, PIaAvg, PIN, PIProd, PIapProd, PIvectorM, PINemerow, IntPI, MPI), and geochemical classifications are compared. The ecotoxicological assessment includes an overview of Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQG) and classifications introduced nationally (as LAWA or modified LAWA). The ecotoxicological indices presented in this review cover individual (ERi) and complex indices (CSI, SPI, RAC, PERI, MERMQ). Biomonitoring of contaminated sites based on plant bioindicators is extensively explored as an indirect method for evaluating pollution sites. The most commonly used indices in the reviewed papers were Igeo, EF, and CF. Many authors referred to ecotoxicological assessment via SQG. Moreover, PERI, which includes the toxic response index, was just as popular. The most recognised bioindicators include the Phragmites and Salix species. Phragmites can be considered for Fe, Cu, Cd, and Ni bioindication in sites, while Salix hybrid cultivars such as Klara may be considered for phytostabilisation and rhizofiltration due to higher Cu, Zn, and Ni accumulation in roots. Vetiveria zizanoides demonstrated resistance to As stress and feasibility for the remediation of As. Moreover, bioindicators offer a feasible tool for recovering valuable elements for the development of a circular economy (e.g., rare earth elements).
Nicole Nawrot; Ewa Wojciechowska; Muhammad Mohsin; Suvi Kuittinen; Ari Pappinen; Shahabaldin Rezania. Trace Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments: A Review of Assessment Measures and Geochemical Background Determination Methods. Minerals 2021, 11, 872 .
AMA StyleNicole Nawrot, Ewa Wojciechowska, Muhammad Mohsin, Suvi Kuittinen, Ari Pappinen, Shahabaldin Rezania. Trace Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments: A Review of Assessment Measures and Geochemical Background Determination Methods. Minerals. 2021; 11 (8):872.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNicole Nawrot; Ewa Wojciechowska; Muhammad Mohsin; Suvi Kuittinen; Ari Pappinen; Shahabaldin Rezania. 2021. "Trace Metal Contamination of Bottom Sediments: A Review of Assessment Measures and Geochemical Background Determination Methods." Minerals 11, no. 8: 872.
Mitigating climate change requires the identification of tree species that can tolerate water stress with fewer negative impacts on plant productivity. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the water stress tolerance of young saplings of C. erectus and M. alba under three soil water deficit treatments (control, CK, 90% field capacity, FC, medium stress MS, 60% FC and high stress, HS, 30% FC) under controlled conditions. Results showed that leaf and stem dry weight decreased significantly in both species under MS and HS. However, root dry weight and root/shoot ratio increased, and total dry weight remained similar to CK under MS in C. erectus saplings. Stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation rate decreased, and intrinsic water use efficiency increased significantly in both species under MS and HS treatments. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, malondialdehyde and electrolyte leakage increased in both the species under soil water deficit but was highest in M. alba. The concentration of antioxidative enzymes like superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase also increased in both species under MS and HS but was highest in C. erectus. Therefore, results suggest that C. erectus saplings depicted a better tolerance to MS due to an effective antioxidative enzyme system.
Zikria Zafar; Fahad Rasheed; Ahsan Ul Haq; Faridah Ibrahim; Shazia Afzal; Mohd Nazre; Seemab Akram; Zafar Hussain; Kamziah Kudus; Muhammad Mohsin; Abdul Qadeer; Zohaib Raza; Waseem Khan. Interspecific Differences in Physiological and Biochemical Traits Drive the Water Stress Tolerance in Young Morus alba L. and Conocarpus erectus L. Saplings. Plants 2021, 10, 1615 .
AMA StyleZikria Zafar, Fahad Rasheed, Ahsan Ul Haq, Faridah Ibrahim, Shazia Afzal, Mohd Nazre, Seemab Akram, Zafar Hussain, Kamziah Kudus, Muhammad Mohsin, Abdul Qadeer, Zohaib Raza, Waseem Khan. Interspecific Differences in Physiological and Biochemical Traits Drive the Water Stress Tolerance in Young Morus alba L. and Conocarpus erectus L. Saplings. Plants. 2021; 10 (8):1615.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZikria Zafar; Fahad Rasheed; Ahsan Ul Haq; Faridah Ibrahim; Shazia Afzal; Mohd Nazre; Seemab Akram; Zafar Hussain; Kamziah Kudus; Muhammad Mohsin; Abdul Qadeer; Zohaib Raza; Waseem Khan. 2021. "Interspecific Differences in Physiological and Biochemical Traits Drive the Water Stress Tolerance in Young Morus alba L. and Conocarpus erectus L. Saplings." Plants 10, no. 8: 1615.
Soils polluted by organic or inorganic pollutants are an emerging global environmental issue due to their toxic effects. A phytoremediation experiment was conducted to evaluate the extraction potential of three European aspen clones (R2, R3, and R4) and seven hybrid aspen clones (14, 27, 34, 134, 172, 191, and 291) grown in soils polluted with hydrocarbons (includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH)). Height growth, plant survival rates, and .hydrocarbon removal efficiencies were investigated over a 4-year period at a site in Somerharju, Luumaki Finland, to assess the remediation potential of the clones. Hydrocarbon content in the soil was determined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The results revealed that hybrid aspen clones 14 and 34 and European aspen clone R3 achieved greater height growth (171, 171, and 114 cm, respectively) than the other clones in the study. Further, the greatest removals of PAH (90% at depth 10–50 cm) and (86% at depth 5–10 cm) were observed in plot G15 planted with clone R2. Furthermore, the greatest TPH removal rate at 5–10 cm depth (C22–C40, 97%; C10–C40, 96%; and C10–C21, 90%) was observed in plot 117 with clone 134. However, other clones demonstrated an ability to grow in soils with elevated levels of TPH and PAH, which indicates their tolerance to hydrocarbons and their potential capacity for phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-polluted soils. Our study suggests that European aspen and hybrid aspen clones could be used for the remediation of soils polluted with PAH and TPH.
Mir Md Abdus Salam; Muhammad Mohsin; Fahad Rasheed; Muhammad Ramzan; Zikria Zafar; Pertti Pulkkinen. Assessment of European and hybrid aspen clones efficiency based on height growth and removal percentage of petroleum hydrocarbons—a field trial. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 2020, 27, 45555 -45567.
AMA StyleMir Md Abdus Salam, Muhammad Mohsin, Fahad Rasheed, Muhammad Ramzan, Zikria Zafar, Pertti Pulkkinen. Assessment of European and hybrid aspen clones efficiency based on height growth and removal percentage of petroleum hydrocarbons—a field trial. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2020; 27 (36):45555-45567.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMir Md Abdus Salam; Muhammad Mohsin; Fahad Rasheed; Muhammad Ramzan; Zikria Zafar; Pertti Pulkkinen. 2020. "Assessment of European and hybrid aspen clones efficiency based on height growth and removal percentage of petroleum hydrocarbons—a field trial." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 27, no. 36: 45555-45567.
A greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of water deficit on growth and physiological parameters of Ficus benjamina and Conocarpus erectus. The results revealed that all growth parameters such as plant height, stem diameter, no. of leaves, no. of branches and chlorophyll contents significantly decreased under water deficit condition. Interestingly, although leaf, stem and total biomass production and allocation decreased significantly under water deficit, but root biomass production and allocation increased significantly. Similarly, stomatal conductance to water vapor decreased significantly and CO2 assimilation rate remained similar to control under water deficit condition. Resultantly, a significant increase in water use efficiency was evident in both species under water deficit condition. These results suggested that, in spite of a significant decrease in biomass production, young Conocarpus erectus and Ficus benjamina can tolerate water deficit which is due to sustained CO2 assimilation rate and increase in root biomass.
Zikria Zafar; Fahad Rasheed; Muhammad Abdullah; Mir Md Abdus Salam; Muhammad Mohsin. Effects of water deficit on growth and physiology of young Conocarpus erectus L. and Ficus benjamina L. Saplings. Bangladesh Journal of Botany 2019, 48, 1215 -1221.
AMA StyleZikria Zafar, Fahad Rasheed, Muhammad Abdullah, Mir Md Abdus Salam, Muhammad Mohsin. Effects of water deficit on growth and physiology of young Conocarpus erectus L. and Ficus benjamina L. Saplings. Bangladesh Journal of Botany. 2019; 48 (4):1215-1221.
Chicago/Turabian StyleZikria Zafar; Fahad Rasheed; Muhammad Abdullah; Mir Md Abdus Salam; Muhammad Mohsin. 2019. "Effects of water deficit on growth and physiology of young Conocarpus erectus L. and Ficus benjamina L. Saplings." Bangladesh Journal of Botany 48, no. 4: 1215-1221.
Conocarpus lancifolius is a fast-growing and drought tolerant tree species with phytoremediation potential in arid environments. The present study was conducted to evaluate the phytoaccumulation potential under wastewater treatment. The experiment was performed in a greenhouse where 3-month-old seedlings were irrigated with industrial wastewater and growth, biomass and physiological parameters were measured. Concentrations of zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in leaves, shoots, and roots along with translocation and tolerance index were also determined. The results showed that under wastewater treatment total biomass increased from 24.2 to 31.5 g, net CO2 assimilation rate increased from 9.93 to 13.3 μmol m−2 s−1, and water use efficiency increased from 1.7 to 2.42. Similarly, heavy metals (Zn, Pb, and Cd) accumulation in stem, leaves, and roots increased significantly under wastewater treatment where the highest concentration of Zn, Pb and Cd was found in roots followed by leaves and stem, respectively. Tolerance index was found >1, and translocation factor of all heavy metals was found >1. The study revealed that phytoaccumulation potential of C. lancifolius was mainly driven by improved net CO2 assimilation rate and water use efficiency.
Fahad Rasheed; Zikria Zafar; Zulfiqar Ali Waseem; Muhammad Rafay; Muhammad Abdullah; Mir Md Abdus Salam; Muhammad Mohsin; Waseem Razzaq Khan. Phytoaccumulation of Zn, Pb, and Cd in Conocarpus lancifolius irrigated with wastewater: does physiological response influence heavy metal uptake? International Journal of Phytoremediation 2019, 22, 287 -294.
AMA StyleFahad Rasheed, Zikria Zafar, Zulfiqar Ali Waseem, Muhammad Rafay, Muhammad Abdullah, Mir Md Abdus Salam, Muhammad Mohsin, Waseem Razzaq Khan. Phytoaccumulation of Zn, Pb, and Cd in Conocarpus lancifolius irrigated with wastewater: does physiological response influence heavy metal uptake? International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2019; 22 (3):287-294.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFahad Rasheed; Zikria Zafar; Zulfiqar Ali Waseem; Muhammad Rafay; Muhammad Abdullah; Mir Md Abdus Salam; Muhammad Mohsin; Waseem Razzaq Khan. 2019. "Phytoaccumulation of Zn, Pb, and Cd in Conocarpus lancifolius irrigated with wastewater: does physiological response influence heavy metal uptake?" International Journal of Phytoremediation 22, no. 3: 287-294.
The present study investigated the phytoextraction ability of Salix schwerinii E.L. Wolf enhanced with an application of the chelate N10O. Salix schwerinii were grown in garden soil that was also amended with Cu (400 mg kg−1), Ni (30 mg kg−1) and Zn (200 mg kg−1). Multiple doses of N10O were applied to the treatments as follows: Cu (3.45 g and 6.9 g), Ni (1.2 g and 2.4 g), and Zn (1.45 g and 2.9 g). Furthermore, N10O doses were also repeated with the control soil. The effect of N10O on height growth, biomass production, ecophysiological attributes, and the accumulation of metals (Cu, Ni, and Zn) in Salix in polluted soils was studied. Compared to the control, the total metal concentrations in S. schwerinii growing in the soils amended with N10O increased substantially by up to 895% for Cu, 324% for Ni and 722% for Zn. The translocation factor (TF) and bioconcentration factor (BF) values for S. schwerinii increased with the application of N10O and varied from 0.30–1.01 for Cu, 0.45–1.25 for Ni, and 4.40–5.89 for Zn, whereas, BF values varied from 0.60–1.15 for Cu, 0.80–1.50 for Ni, and 4–8 for Zn. This study indicated that S. schwerinii can be used for phytoextraction of Cu, Ni and Zn from contaminated soils. However, further research is needed to examine the phytoextraction potential of other Salix species using N10O to remediate soils polluted with various toxic metals.
Muhammad Mohsin; Suvi Kuittinen; Mir Md Abdus Salam; Sirpa Peräniemi; Saila Laine; Pertti Pulkkinen; Erik Kaipiainen; Jouko Vepsäläinen; Ari Pappinen. Chelate-assisted phytoextraction: Growth and ecophysiological responses by Salix schwerinii E.L Wolf grown in artificially polluted soils. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 2019, 205, 106335 .
AMA StyleMuhammad Mohsin, Suvi Kuittinen, Mir Md Abdus Salam, Sirpa Peräniemi, Saila Laine, Pertti Pulkkinen, Erik Kaipiainen, Jouko Vepsäläinen, Ari Pappinen. Chelate-assisted phytoextraction: Growth and ecophysiological responses by Salix schwerinii E.L Wolf grown in artificially polluted soils. Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 2019; 205 ():106335.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMuhammad Mohsin; Suvi Kuittinen; Mir Md Abdus Salam; Sirpa Peräniemi; Saila Laine; Pertti Pulkkinen; Erik Kaipiainen; Jouko Vepsäläinen; Ari Pappinen. 2019. "Chelate-assisted phytoextraction: Growth and ecophysiological responses by Salix schwerinii E.L Wolf grown in artificially polluted soils." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 205, no. : 106335.
In a greenhouse experiment, plant growth and copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) uptake by four Salix cultivars grown in Cu and Zn contaminated soils collected from a mining area in Finland were tested to assess their suitability for phytoextraction. The cultivars displayed tolerance to heavily contaminated soils throughout the experiment. After uptake, total mean Cu concentrations in the leaves, shoots and roots in all cultivars and treatments ranged from 163 to 474 mg kg-1 and mean Zn concentrations ranged from 776 to 1823 mg kg-1. Lime and wood ash addition increased dry biomass growth (25-43%), chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) values (3-6%), the translocation factor (TF) (15-60% for Cu; 10-25% for Zn), the bio-concentration factor (BCF) (40-85% for Cu; 70-120% for Zn), and metal uptake (55-70% for Cu; 50-65% for Zn) compared to unamended treatment across all cultivars. The results revealed that Salix cultivars have the potential to take up and accumulate significant amounts of Cu and Zn. Cultivar Klara (Salix viminalis × S. schwerinii × S. dasyclados) was found to be the most effective cultivar for phytoextraction since it displayed greater dry biomass production, Fv/Fm, TF, BCF values and uptake percentage rates of Cu and Zn compared to the other three cultivars. This study indicates that further research is needed to clarify the wider phytoextraction capabilities of different Salix cultivars.
Mir Md Abdus Salam; Muhammad Mohsin; Erik Kaipiainen; Aki Villa; Suvi Kuittinen; Pertti Pulkkinen; Paavo Pelkonen; Ari Pappinen. Biomass growth variation and phytoextraction potential of four Salix varieties grown in contaminated soil amended with lime and wood ash. International Journal of Phytoremediation 2019, 21, 1329 -1340.
AMA StyleMir Md Abdus Salam, Muhammad Mohsin, Erik Kaipiainen, Aki Villa, Suvi Kuittinen, Pertti Pulkkinen, Paavo Pelkonen, Ari Pappinen. Biomass growth variation and phytoextraction potential of four Salix varieties grown in contaminated soil amended with lime and wood ash. International Journal of Phytoremediation. 2019; 21 (13):1329-1340.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMir Md Abdus Salam; Muhammad Mohsin; Erik Kaipiainen; Aki Villa; Suvi Kuittinen; Pertti Pulkkinen; Paavo Pelkonen; Ari Pappinen. 2019. "Biomass growth variation and phytoextraction potential of four Salix varieties grown in contaminated soil amended with lime and wood ash." International Journal of Phytoremediation 21, no. 13: 1329-1340.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of lime and bisphosphonates (BPs) such as N10O chelate amendment on the growth, physiological and biochemical parameters, and phytoextraction potential of the willow variety Klara (Salix viminalis × S. schwerinii × S. dasyclados) grown in soils heavily contaminated with copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn). The plants were irrigated with tap or processed water (mine wastewater). The results suggest that the combined effects of the contaminated soil and processed water inhibited growth parameters, gas exchange parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) values. In contrast, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, organic acids, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, and the accumulation of metals/metalloids in the plant tissues were increased compared to the control. When the soil was supplemented with lime and N10O; growth, physiological, biochemical parameters, and resistance capacity were significantly higher compared to unamended soil treatments, especially in the contaminated soil treatments. The combined lime‒ and N10O‒amended soil treatment produced higher growth rates, resistance capacity, photosynthesis rates and phytoextraction efficiency levels relative to either the lime‒amended or the N10O‒amended soil treatments. This study provides practical evidence of the efficient chelate‒assisted phytoextraction capability of Klara and highlights its potential as a viable and inexpensive novel approach for in situ remediation of Cu‒, Ni‒ and Zn‒contaminated soils and mine wastewaters.
Mir Md Abdus Salam; Muhammad Mohsin; Pertti Pulkkinen; Paavo Pelkonen; Ari Pappinen. Effects of soil amendments on the growth response and phytoextraction capability of a willow variety (S. viminalis × S. schwerinii × S. dasyclados) grown in contaminated soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 2019, 171, 753 -770.
AMA StyleMir Md Abdus Salam, Muhammad Mohsin, Pertti Pulkkinen, Paavo Pelkonen, Ari Pappinen. Effects of soil amendments on the growth response and phytoextraction capability of a willow variety (S. viminalis × S. schwerinii × S. dasyclados) grown in contaminated soils. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 2019; 171 ():753-770.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMir Md Abdus Salam; Muhammad Mohsin; Pertti Pulkkinen; Paavo Pelkonen; Ari Pappinen. 2019. "Effects of soil amendments on the growth response and phytoextraction capability of a willow variety (S. viminalis × S. schwerinii × S. dasyclados) grown in contaminated soils." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 171, no. : 753-770.
Salix schwerinii was tested in a pot experiment to assess plant growth performance i.e., relative height and dry biomass and the potential for heavy metal uptake in soils polluted with chromium, zinc, copper, nickel and total petroleum hydrocarbons. The soil used in the pot experiment was collected from a landfill area in Finland. Peat soil was added at different quantities to the polluted soil to stimulate plant growth. The plants were irrigated with tap water or processed water (municipal waste water) to further investigate the effects of nutrient loading on plant biomass growth. The soil was treated at two pH levels (4 and 6). The results showed that the addition of 40-70% peat soil at pH 6 to a polluted soil, and irrigation with processed water accelerated plant growth and phytoextraction efficiency. In the pot experiment, Salix grown in chromium, zinc, copper, nickel and total petroleum hydrocarbons -contaminated field soil for 141 days were unaffected by the contaminated soil and took up excess nutrients from the soil and water. Total mean chromium concentration in the plant organs ranged from 17.05 to 250.45 mg kg(-1), mean zinc concentration ranged from 142.32 to 1616.59 mg kg(-1), mean copper concentration ranged from 12.11 to 223.74 mg kg(-1) and mean nickel concentration ranged from 10.11 to 75.90 mg kg(-1). Mean chromium concentration in the plant organs ranged from 46 to 94%, mean zinc concentration ranged from 44 to 76%, mean copper concentration ranged from 19 to 54% and mean nickel concentration ranged from 8 to 21% across all treatments. Under the different treatments, chromium was taken up by Salix in the largest quantities, followed by zinc, copper and nickel respectively. Salix also produced a moderate reduction in total petroleum total petroleum hydrocarbons in the polluted soil. The results from the pot experiment suggest that Salix schwerinii has the potential to accumulate significant amounts of chromium, zinc, copper and nickel. However, long term research is needed to verify the phytoextraction abilities of Salix observed in the pot experiment.
Mir Md Abdus Salam; Erik Kaipiainen; Muhammad Mohsin; Aki Villa; Suvi Kuittinen; Pertti Pulkkinen; Paavo Pelkonen; Lauri Mehtätalo; Ari Pappinen. Effects of contaminated soil on the growth performance of young Salix ( Salix schwerinii E. L. Wolf) and the potential for phytoremediation of heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Management 2016, 183, 467 -477.
AMA StyleMir Md Abdus Salam, Erik Kaipiainen, Muhammad Mohsin, Aki Villa, Suvi Kuittinen, Pertti Pulkkinen, Paavo Pelkonen, Lauri Mehtätalo, Ari Pappinen. Effects of contaminated soil on the growth performance of young Salix ( Salix schwerinii E. L. Wolf) and the potential for phytoremediation of heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Management. 2016; 183 ():467-477.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMir Md Abdus Salam; Erik Kaipiainen; Muhammad Mohsin; Aki Villa; Suvi Kuittinen; Pertti Pulkkinen; Paavo Pelkonen; Lauri Mehtätalo; Ari Pappinen. 2016. "Effects of contaminated soil on the growth performance of young Salix ( Salix schwerinii E. L. Wolf) and the potential for phytoremediation of heavy metals." Journal of Environmental Management 183, no. : 467-477.