Cholera is one of the most deadly diarrheal diseases that require new treatments. We investigated the neutralization of cholera toxin by five plant extracts obtained from the Rosaceae family that have been traditionally used in Poland to treat diarrhea (of unknown origin). Hot water extracts were prepared from the dried plant materials and lyophilized before phytochemical analysis and assessment of antimicrobial activity using microdilution assays. The ability of the plant extracts to neutralize cholera toxin was analyzed by measurement of cAMP levels in cell cultures, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electrophoresis, as well as flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy studies of fluorescent-labeled cholera toxins with cultured human fibroblasts. The antimicrobial assays displayed modest bacteriostatic potentials. We found that the plant extracts modulate the effects of cholera toxin on intracellular cAMP levels. Three plant extracts (Agrimonia eupatoria L., Rubus fruticosus L., Fragaria vesca L.) suppressed the binding of subunit B of cholera toxin to the cell surface and immobilized ganglioside GM1 while two others (Rubus idaeus L., Rosa.canina L.) interfered with the toxin internalization process. The traditional application of the Rosaceae plant infusions for diarrhea appears relevant to cholera, slowing the growth of pathogenic bacteria and either inhibiting the binding of cholera toxin to receptors or blocking toxin internalization. The analyzed plant extracts are potential complements to standard antibiotic treatment and Oral Rehydration Therapy for the treatment of cholera.

COVID-19 was initially reported in China at the end of 2019 and soon thereafter, in March 2020, the WHO declared it a pandemic. Until October 2021, over 240 million COVID-19 cases were recorded, with 4.9 mln deaths. In order to stop the spread of this disease, it is crucial to monitor and detect any infected person. The etiologic agent of COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. The gold standard for the detection of the virus is the RT-qPCR method. This study evaluated two RNA extraction methods and four commercial RT-qPCR assays routinely used in diagnostic laboratories for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in human specimens from the upper respiratory tract. We analyzed a panel of 70 clinical samples with varying RNA loads. Our study demonstrated the significant impact of the diagnostic methods selected by the laboratory on the SARS-CoV-2 detection in clinical specimens with low viral loads.

The introduction of effective vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is expected to prevent COVID-19. However, sporadic cases of infection in vaccinated persons have been reported. We describe a case of a double-dose vaccinated woman with COVID-19. All stages of infection were observed, from no identification of virus, then the start of the infection, a high viral load, coming out of viraemia, and finally no detection of the virus. Despite the high viral load, the woman demonstrated mild COVID-19 symptoms, manifested only by a sore throat. The antibody results showed that she produced both post-infectious and post-vaccination immune responses. Phylogenetic analysis of the obtained viral genome sequence indicated that the virus belonged to the UK SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 (GR 501Y.V1; 20I/S:501Y.V1; Alpha variant).

Rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2 variants is essential for epidemiological surveillance. RT-qPCR-based variant differentiation tests can be used to quickly screen large sets of samples for relevant variants of concern/interest; this study was conducted on specimens collected at 11 centers located in Poland during routine SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics between August 2020 and December 2021. A total of 1096 samples (with CT < 30) were screened for Alpha, Beta, Delta, Kappa and Omicron variants using commercial assays targeting repeat mutation sites. Variants were assigned to 434 (39.6%) specimens; the remaining 662 (60.4%) samples were not classified (no tested mutations detected). Alpha (n = 289; 66.59%), Delta (n = 115; 26.5%), Kappa (n = 30; 6.91%) and Omicron (n = 2; 0.46%) variants were identified and their distribution changed over time. The first Alpha variant appeared in October 2020, and it began to gradually increase its proportion of the virus population by June 2021. In July 2021, it was replaced by the Delta variant, which already dominated by the end of the year. The first Kappa was detected in October 2021, while Omicron was found in December 2021. The screening of samples allowed the determination of epidemiological trends over a time interval reflecting the national COVID-19 waves.

One of the tools to contain the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was to increase the number of performed tests and to improve the access to diagnostics. To this effect, mobile collection sites (MCSs) were established. This study was performed on samples collected at the MCS between November 2020 and March 2021. We aimed to confirm/exclude SARS-CoV-2, differentiate SARS-CoV-2 variants, and detect other respiratory pathogens. SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses were identified by RT-qPCRs. A total of 876 (46.35%) SARS-CoV-2 positive specimens in the diagnostic tests were identified. The wild-type variant was determined in 667 (76.14%) samples; the remaining 209 (23.86%) samples specimens were identified as Alpha variant. A total of 51 (5.6%) non-SARS-CoV-2 cases were detected in retrospective studies. These accounted for 33 cases of mono-infection including rhinovirus (RV), human adenovirus (HAdV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), enterovirus (EV), and influenza virus, and 18 cases of co-infection (SARS-CoV-2 with RV or HAdV or HMPV, and RV with EV). Our research shows that the results obtained from the MCS have value in epidemiological studies, reflecting national trends on a micro scale. Although the spread of COVID-19 is a major public health concern, SARS-CoV-2 is not the only pathogen responsible for respiratory infections.

Analysis Of Minerals Produced By Hfob 119 And Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy With Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis. JoVE publishes peer-reviewed scientific video protocols to accelerate biological, medical, chemical and physical research. Watch our scientific video articles. JoVE is the world-leading producer and provider of science videos with the mission to improve scientific research, scientific journals, and education. Millions of scientists, educators and students at thousands of universities, colleges, hospitals and biopharmaceutical companies worldwide use JoVE for their research, teaching and learning.