This page has only limited features, please log in for full access.
Seroprevalence data for Toxoplasma gondii and Hepatitis E virus (HEV) in wild boar (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), red deer (Cervus elaphus), mouflon (Ovis aries/musimon) and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) hunted/culled in northern Italy were used to fit seroprevalence distributions describing the exposure and co-exposure of the species to the two pathogens. The higher proportion of T. gondii and HEV seropositive animals was observed in wild boars with point estimate seroprevalence of 49% (N = 331) and 15% (N = 326) respectively. Data allowed comparisons by area (pre-Alpine Vs Alpine environment) for roe deer, red deer and mouflons. Contrasts between the distributions describing the uncertainty in seroprevalence suggest roe deer, red deer and mouflons have higher probability of being seropositive to T.gondii in pre-Alps. When considering HEV, few seropositive animals were detected and contrasts were symmetrically centred to zero for roe deer and red deer; mouflons shown higher probability of being seropositive in Alpine environment. HEV seropositive animals also included chamois (P = 5.1%, N = 97) in the Alpine districts, confirming circulation of HEV in remote areas. Evidence of HEV and T. gondii co-exposure was limited except for wild boars where it was observed in 30 samples representing 60% of the overall HEV-positive samples. Seroprevalence data of single infection and co-infection are extremely useful to investigate circulation of zoonotic pathogens in wild animals and estimate the foodborne risk of human exposure, however, these type of data do not directly translate into the presence/absence of the pathogen in seropositive and seronegative animals. At benefit of future development of quantitative risk assessments aiming at estimating the risk of human infection/co-infection via consumption of game meat, we developed and made available an online application that allows estimating the probability of the pathogen(s) being present as a function of seroprevalence data.
Matteo Crotta; Luca Pellicioli; Alessandra Gaffuri; Tiziana Trogu; Nicoletta Formenti; Vito Tranquillo; Camilla Luzzago; Nicola Ferrari; Paolo Lanfranchi. Analysis of seroprevalence data on Hepatitis E virus and Toxoplasma gondii in wild ungulates for the assessment of human exposure to zoonotic meat-borne pathogens. Food Microbiology 2021, 103890 .
AMA StyleMatteo Crotta, Luca Pellicioli, Alessandra Gaffuri, Tiziana Trogu, Nicoletta Formenti, Vito Tranquillo, Camilla Luzzago, Nicola Ferrari, Paolo Lanfranchi. Analysis of seroprevalence data on Hepatitis E virus and Toxoplasma gondii in wild ungulates for the assessment of human exposure to zoonotic meat-borne pathogens. Food Microbiology. 2021; ():103890.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatteo Crotta; Luca Pellicioli; Alessandra Gaffuri; Tiziana Trogu; Nicoletta Formenti; Vito Tranquillo; Camilla Luzzago; Nicola Ferrari; Paolo Lanfranchi. 2021. "Analysis of seroprevalence data on Hepatitis E virus and Toxoplasma gondii in wild ungulates for the assessment of human exposure to zoonotic meat-borne pathogens." Food Microbiology , no. : 103890.
Pestiviruses are widespread and economically important pathogens of cattle and other animals. Pestivirus A (formerly known as Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1, BVDV-1), Pestivirus B (Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2, BVDV-2), and Pestivirus H (HoBi-like pestivirus, HoBiPeV) species are infecting primarily cattle. Like other RNA viruses, pestiviruses are characterized by a high degree of genetic variability. This high rate of variability is revealed by the existence of a number of viral subgenotypes within each species. In cattle, the highest number of pestivirus subgenotypes has been documented in European countries, particularly in Italy. The aim of this review is to report an up-to-date overview about the genetic diversity of pestiviruses in Italian cattle herds. All three bovine pestiviruses species have been identified in cattle population with variable frequency and geographical distribution. The genetic diversity of Italian pestiviral strains may have diagnostic and immunological implications, affecting the performance of diagnostic tools and the full cross-protection elicited by commercially available vaccines. Implementation and strengthening of coordinated approaches for bovine pestivirus control in Italy are recommended. Therefore, it would be extremely important to increase control and restriction measures to the trade of cattle and biological products of bovine origin, including those containing fetal bovine serum.
Camilla Luzzago; Nicola Decaro. Epidemiology of Bovine Pestiviruses Circulating in Italy. Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021, 8, 1 .
AMA StyleCamilla Luzzago, Nicola Decaro. Epidemiology of Bovine Pestiviruses Circulating in Italy. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2021; 8 ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamilla Luzzago; Nicola Decaro. 2021. "Epidemiology of Bovine Pestiviruses Circulating in Italy." Frontiers in Veterinary Science 8, no. : 1.
Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) are zoonotic foodborne pathogens of outmost importance and interest has been raised in recent years to define the potential zoonotic role of wildlife in STEC infection. This study aimed to estimate prevalence of STEC in free-ranging red deer (Cervus elaphus) living in areas with different anthropization levels and describe the characteristics of strains in order to evaluate the potential risk posed to humans. Two-hundred one deer faecal samples collected in 2016–2018 from animals of Central Italian Alps were examined by bacteriological analysis and PCR screening of E. coli colonies for stx1, stx2 and eae genes. STEC strains were detected in 40 (19.9%) deer, with significantly higher prevalence in offspring than in yearlings. Whole genome analysis was performed to characterize a subset of 31 STEC strains. The most frequently detected serotype was O146:H28 (n = 10, 32.3%). Virulotyping showed different stx subtypes combinations, with stx2b-only (n = 15, 48.4%) being the most prevalent. All STEC lacked the eae gene but harbored additional virulence genes, particularly adhesins, toxins and/or other colonization factors also described in STEC isolated from disease in humans. The most frequently detected genes were astA (n = 22, 71%), subAB (n = 21, 68%), iha (n = 26, 83.9%) and lpfA (n = 24, 77%). Four hybrid STEC/Enterotoxigenic E. coli strains were also identified. According to the most recent paradigm for pathogenicity assessment of STEC issued by the European Food Safety Authority, our results suggest that red deer are carriers of STEC strains that may have zoonotic potential, regardless of the anthropization levels. Particular attention should be drawn to these findings while handling and preparing game meat. Furthermore, deer may release STEC in the environment, possibly leading to the contamination of soil and water sources. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Stefania Lauzi; Camilla Luzzago; Paola Chiani; Valeria Michelacci; Arnold Knijn; Luca Pedrotti; Luca Corlatti; Clelia Buccheri Pederzoli; Gaia Scavia; Stefano Morabito; Rosangela Tozzoli. Free‐ranging red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) as carriers of potentially zoonotic Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleStefania Lauzi, Camilla Luzzago, Paola Chiani, Valeria Michelacci, Arnold Knijn, Luca Pedrotti, Luca Corlatti, Clelia Buccheri Pederzoli, Gaia Scavia, Stefano Morabito, Rosangela Tozzoli. Free‐ranging red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) as carriers of potentially zoonotic Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefania Lauzi; Camilla Luzzago; Paola Chiani; Valeria Michelacci; Arnold Knijn; Luca Pedrotti; Luca Corlatti; Clelia Buccheri Pederzoli; Gaia Scavia; Stefano Morabito; Rosangela Tozzoli. 2021. "Free‐ranging red deer ( Cervus elaphus ) as carriers of potentially zoonotic Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.
The Respirovirus genus, family Paramamixoviridae, includes respiratory viral pathogens. Here we report the identification and genetic characterization of a respirovirus in an Alpine chamois showing interstitial pneumonia associated with catarrhal bronchopneumonia. The full-genome characterization of this respirovirus, named ChamoisRV/IT2014, revealed low similarities to caprine respirovirus (77.1%), bovine respirovirus (74.5%) and human respirovirus (72.0%). The phylogenetic analyses based on the full-length genome sequence of the novel isolate and reference respirovirus strains showed that ChamoisRV/IT2014 clustered with caprine respirovirus but formed a separate branch. The phylogenetic tree topology of complete large protein amino acid sequences, representing the current species demarcation criterion for Respirovirus genus, showed a 0.05 branch length of ChamoisRV/IT2014 sequence between the nearest node and the tip of the branch, suggesting that this virus belongs to a novel species. This new isolate in a new host species raises several questions to be addressed on the epidemiological role of chamois and the risks of cross-transmission between wild ruminants and livestock.
Camilla Luzzago; Erika Ebranati; Antonio Lavazza; Martina Besozzi; Gianguglielmo Zehender; Paolo Lanfranchi; Stefania Lauzi. Identification and Genetic Characterization of a Novel Respirovirus in Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra). Animals 2020, 10, 704 .
AMA StyleCamilla Luzzago, Erika Ebranati, Antonio Lavazza, Martina Besozzi, Gianguglielmo Zehender, Paolo Lanfranchi, Stefania Lauzi. Identification and Genetic Characterization of a Novel Respirovirus in Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra). Animals. 2020; 10 (4):704.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamilla Luzzago; Erika Ebranati; Antonio Lavazza; Martina Besozzi; Gianguglielmo Zehender; Paolo Lanfranchi; Stefania Lauzi. 2020. "Identification and Genetic Characterization of a Novel Respirovirus in Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra)." Animals 10, no. 4: 704.
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is responsible, along with an inadequate immune response of the host, for Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), one of the most frequent and deadly infectious feline disease worldwide. This study analyzed the genetic characteristics of the spike (S) gene of 33 FCoVs circulating in Northern Italy between 2011 and 2015 in cats with or without FIP. In order to reconstruct the most probable places of origin and dispersion of FCoV among Italian cats, a phylogeographic approach was performed based on 106 FCoV S gene partial sequences from cats, including the 33 novel Italian sequences and 73 retrieved from public databases. Only FCoV type I was found in the Italian cats. The estimated mean evolutionary rate of FCoV was 2.4 × 10-2 subs/site/year (95% HPD: 1.3-3.7 × 10-2), confirming the high genetic variability in the circulating strains. All the isolates clustered in a unique highly significant clade that likely originated from USA between the 1950s and the 1970s, confirming the first descriptions of the disease in American cats. Our results suggest that from USA the virus likely entered Germany and thereafter spread to other European countries. Phylogeography showed that sequences segregated mainly by geographical origin. In the 2010s Italian sequences clustered in different subclades, confirming that different strains cocirculate in Italy. Further studies on archival samples and other genetic regions of FCoV are suggested in order to confirm the present results and to reconstruct a more in-depth detailed virus dispersion pattern for the definition of possible control measures.
Stefania Lauzi; Angelica Stranieri; Alessia Giordano; Camilla Luzzago; Gianguglielmo Zehender; Saverio Paltrinieri; Erika Ebranati. Origin and transmission of Feline coronavirus type I in domestic cats from Northern Italy: a phylogeographic approach. Veterinary Microbiology 2020, 244, 108667 .
AMA StyleStefania Lauzi, Angelica Stranieri, Alessia Giordano, Camilla Luzzago, Gianguglielmo Zehender, Saverio Paltrinieri, Erika Ebranati. Origin and transmission of Feline coronavirus type I in domestic cats from Northern Italy: a phylogeographic approach. Veterinary Microbiology. 2020; 244 ():108667.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefania Lauzi; Angelica Stranieri; Alessia Giordano; Camilla Luzzago; Gianguglielmo Zehender; Saverio Paltrinieri; Erika Ebranati. 2020. "Origin and transmission of Feline coronavirus type I in domestic cats from Northern Italy: a phylogeographic approach." Veterinary Microbiology 244, no. : 108667.
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a worldwide public health concern, with an increase in human autochthonous cases in Europe. Although domestic pigs and wild boar (Sus scrofa) are the main reservoirs of HEV, the constant expansion of wild ruminants increases the potential for HEV transmission. We investigated HEV infection in chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Italian Alps using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We detected HEV antibodies from 2013 to 2015 in both host species, with seroprevalences of 1.2% and 0.8% in chamois and red deer, respectively. All serum samples that were positive to HEV antibodies by ELISA were negative when tested by real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR to detect HEV RNA. The observed low seroprevalence of HEV suggested a sporadic circulation of HEV in the alpine environment, and it was consistent with the low seroprevalence observed in wild boar in the Alps. Our observations supported the role of chamois and red deer as spill-over hosts of HEV infections in the Italian Alps.
Tiziana Trogu; Nicola Ferrari; Nicoletta Formenti; Virginia Filipello; Luca Pedrotti; Roberto Viganò; Paolo Lanfranchi; Camilla Luzzago. Low Serologic Prevalences Suggest Sporadic Infections of Hepatitis E Virus in Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Italian Alps. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2020, 56, 443 .
AMA StyleTiziana Trogu, Nicola Ferrari, Nicoletta Formenti, Virginia Filipello, Luca Pedrotti, Roberto Viganò, Paolo Lanfranchi, Camilla Luzzago. Low Serologic Prevalences Suggest Sporadic Infections of Hepatitis E Virus in Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Italian Alps. Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 2020; 56 (2):443.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiziana Trogu; Nicola Ferrari; Nicoletta Formenti; Virginia Filipello; Luca Pedrotti; Roberto Viganò; Paolo Lanfranchi; Camilla Luzzago. 2020. "Low Serologic Prevalences Suggest Sporadic Infections of Hepatitis E Virus in Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Italian Alps." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 56, no. 2: 443.
Tiziana Trogu; Nicola Ferrari; Nicoletta Formenti; Virginia Filipello; Luca Pedrotti; Roberto Viganò; Paolo Lanfranchi; Camilla Luzzago. Low Serologic Prevalences Suggest Sporadic Infections of Hepatitis E Virus in Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Italian Alps. 2019, 1 .
AMA StyleTiziana Trogu, Nicola Ferrari, Nicoletta Formenti, Virginia Filipello, Luca Pedrotti, Roberto Viganò, Paolo Lanfranchi, Camilla Luzzago. Low Serologic Prevalences Suggest Sporadic Infections of Hepatitis E Virus in Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Italian Alps. . 2019; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleTiziana Trogu; Nicola Ferrari; Nicoletta Formenti; Virginia Filipello; Luca Pedrotti; Roberto Viganò; Paolo Lanfranchi; Camilla Luzzago. 2019. "Low Serologic Prevalences Suggest Sporadic Infections of Hepatitis E Virus in Chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Italian Alps." , no. : 1.
Vector-borne diseases are emerging worldwide and have an important zoonotic relevance. In the last few years, the interest in vector-borne pathogens in cats has increased. However, studies on feline vector-borne pathogens on tropical islands are lacking. Islands differ from continental countries because they have an enclosed population of animals, with all year presence of the vectors and, most often, without vector control measures. This study focused on the molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of vector-borne pathogens in autochthonous cats with a mixed indoor-outdoor lifestyle from Maio Island, Cape Verde archipelago. Blood samples were collected from 80 asymptomatic cats, representing almost a quarter of the total cat population of the island. The presence of DNA of protozoa of the genus Hepatozoon and bacteria belonging to family Anaplasmataceae and to genus Bartonella was assessed by PCR and phylogenetic analysis was conducted. Statistical analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with infection. For feline hepatozoonosis, a worldwide dataset of Hepatozoon felis sequences retrieved from mammal species and vectors along with Hepatozoon spp. sequences retrieved from felids was generated, phylogenetically analyzed and the geographical and host distribution was assessed. Hepatozoon felis genotype I was identified in 12 (15%) cats from Maio Island whereas none of the cats were PCR positive for the other pathogens tested. No significant association of H. felis infection with age, sex, location or presence of vectors was observed by statistical analysis in Cape Verde's cats. Phylogenetic analysis on the worldwide dataset of feline Hepatozoon sequences showed two significant distinct clades for H. felis genotype I and II. Different geographical distributions were assessed: H. felis genotype I was the only genotype found in Africa and has been reported worldwide, with the exception of Japan and Brazil where only H. felis genotype II has been reported. The identification of H. felis genotype I in cats in Maio Island highlights the need to further investigate the significance of H. felis genotypes and to clarify the epidemiological aspects of this infection.
Cristina Pereira; João Pedro Maia; Ricardo Marcos; Camilla Luzzago; Pablo Puente-Payo; Paola Dall’Ara; Augusto Faustino; Stefania Lauzi. Molecular detection of Hepatozoon felis in cats from Maio Island, Republic of Cape Verde and global distribution of feline hepatozoonosis. Parasites & Vectors 2019, 12, 294 .
AMA StyleCristina Pereira, João Pedro Maia, Ricardo Marcos, Camilla Luzzago, Pablo Puente-Payo, Paola Dall’Ara, Augusto Faustino, Stefania Lauzi. Molecular detection of Hepatozoon felis in cats from Maio Island, Republic of Cape Verde and global distribution of feline hepatozoonosis. Parasites & Vectors. 2019; 12 (1):294.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristina Pereira; João Pedro Maia; Ricardo Marcos; Camilla Luzzago; Pablo Puente-Payo; Paola Dall’Ara; Augusto Faustino; Stefania Lauzi. 2019. "Molecular detection of Hepatozoon felis in cats from Maio Island, Republic of Cape Verde and global distribution of feline hepatozoonosis." Parasites & Vectors 12, no. 1: 294.
Mammalian orthoreoviruses (MRV) type 3 have been recently identified in human and several animal hosts, highlighting the apparent lack of species barriers. Here we report the identification and genetic characterization of MRVs strains in alpine chamois, one of the most abundant wild ungulate in the Alps. Serological survey was also performed by MRV neutralization test in chamois population during five consecutive years (2008-2012). Three novel MRVs were isolated on cell culture from chamois lung tissues. No respiratory or other clinical symptoms neither lung macroscopic lesions were observed in the chamois population. MRV strains were classified as MRV-3 within the lineage III, based on S1 phylogeny, and were closely related to Italian strains identified in dog, bat and diarrheic pig. The full genome sequence was obtained by next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analyses showed that other segments were more similar to MRVs of different geographic locations, serotypes and hosts, including human, highlighting genome reassortment and lack of host specific barriers. By using serum neutralization test, a high prevalence of MRV-3 antibodies was observed in chamois population throughout the monitored period, showing an endemic level of infection and suggesting a self-maintenance of MRV and/or a continuous spill-over of infection from other animal species.
Martina Besozzi; Stefania Lauzi; Davide Lelli; Antonio Lavazza; Chiara Chiapponi; Giuliano Pisoni; Roberto Viganò; Paolo Lanfranchi; Camilla Luzzago. Host range of mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 widening to alpine chamois. Veterinary Microbiology 2019, 230, 72 -77.
AMA StyleMartina Besozzi, Stefania Lauzi, Davide Lelli, Antonio Lavazza, Chiara Chiapponi, Giuliano Pisoni, Roberto Viganò, Paolo Lanfranchi, Camilla Luzzago. Host range of mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 widening to alpine chamois. Veterinary Microbiology. 2019; 230 ():72-77.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartina Besozzi; Stefania Lauzi; Davide Lelli; Antonio Lavazza; Chiara Chiapponi; Giuliano Pisoni; Roberto Viganò; Paolo Lanfranchi; Camilla Luzzago. 2019. "Host range of mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 widening to alpine chamois." Veterinary Microbiology 230, no. : 72-77.
West Nile virus (WNV), Usutu virus (USUV) and tick‐borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) are emerging zoonotic flaviviruses (family Flaviviridae), which have circulated in Europe in the past decade. A cross‐sectional study was conducted to assess exposure to these antigenically related flaviviruses in eastern grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis) in Italy. Seventeen out of 158 (10.8%; CI95%: 5.9‐15.6) squirrels’ sera tested through bELISA had antibodies against flaviviruses. Specific neutralizing antibodies to WNV, USUV and TBEV were detected by virus neutralization tests. Our results indicate that tree squirrels are exposed to Culex and tick‐borne zoonotic flaviviruses in Italy. Moreover, this study shows for the first time USUV and TBEV exposure in grey squirrels, broadening the host range reported for these viruses. Even though further studies are needed to define the real role of tree squirrels in the epidemiology of flaviviruses in Europe, this study highlights that serology could be an effective approach for future investigations aimed at broadening our knowledge about the species exposed to these zoonotic infections.
C. Romeo; S. Lecollinet; J. Caballero; J. Isla; C. Luzzago; N. Ferrari; I. García-Bocanegra. Are tree squirrels involved in the circulation of flaviviruses in Italy? Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2018, 65, 1372 -1376.
AMA StyleC. Romeo, S. Lecollinet, J. Caballero, J. Isla, C. Luzzago, N. Ferrari, I. García-Bocanegra. Are tree squirrels involved in the circulation of flaviviruses in Italy? Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2018; 65 (5):1372-1376.
Chicago/Turabian StyleC. Romeo; S. Lecollinet; J. Caballero; J. Isla; C. Luzzago; N. Ferrari; I. García-Bocanegra. 2018. "Are tree squirrels involved in the circulation of flaviviruses in Italy?" Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 65, no. 5: 1372-1376.
The prevalence and genetic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in a geographic area are largely influenced by live animal trade and management practices. Despite control and eradication programs currently underway in several European countries, the risk of BVDV spread within and among countries is still present. BVDV-1 is the predominant type circulating in European cattle population. In this study, a phylogeographic analysis was applied to the BVDV-1 highest prevalent subtypes in Italy to reconstruct the origin and spatial-temporal distribution and to trace main viral flows between different locations to highlight priority areas for BVDV control. A comprehensive dataset of BVDV-1b (n = 173) and 1e (n = 172) 5' UTR sequences was analysed, including both novel and published sequences from Italy and from European countries bordering and/or with commercial cattle flows with Italy. A common phylogeographic pattern was observed for BVDV-1b and 1e subtypes: interspersion from multiple Italian areas and European countries was widespread until the end of the last century, whereas significant local clusters were observed starting from 2000. These findings support a continuous viral flow among different areas over long time scales with no evidence of significant geographical structure, while local transmission networks are limited to more recent years. Northern Italy has been confirmed as the area of origin of the main clades of both BVDV subtypes at national level, acting both as a crucial area for introduction and a maintenance source for other areas. Piedmont, Central and Southern Italian regions contributed to limited geographical distribution and local BVDV-1b and 1e persistence. On the whole, priority control measures for BVDV-1b and 1e in Italy should be focused on: i) implementation of BVDV systematic control in all Northern Italian regions to break the viral flow from larger to smaller animal populations; and ii) breaking the dynamics of infections in regions with self-maintenance of BVDV by voluntary control programs.
Erika Ebranati; Stefania Lauzi; Francesco Cerutti; Claudio Caruso; Loretta Masoero; Ana Moreno; Gian Mario De Mia; Simone Peletto; Gianguglielmo Zehender; Camilla Luzzago. Highlighting priority areas for bovine viral diarrhea control in Italy: A phylogeographic approach. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2018, 58, 258 -268.
AMA StyleErika Ebranati, Stefania Lauzi, Francesco Cerutti, Claudio Caruso, Loretta Masoero, Ana Moreno, Gian Mario De Mia, Simone Peletto, Gianguglielmo Zehender, Camilla Luzzago. Highlighting priority areas for bovine viral diarrhea control in Italy: A phylogeographic approach. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2018; 58 ():258-268.
Chicago/Turabian StyleErika Ebranati; Stefania Lauzi; Francesco Cerutti; Claudio Caruso; Loretta Masoero; Ana Moreno; Gian Mario De Mia; Simone Peletto; Gianguglielmo Zehender; Camilla Luzzago. 2018. "Highlighting priority areas for bovine viral diarrhea control in Italy: A phylogeographic approach." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 58, no. : 258-268.
A molecular screening for tick-borne pathogens was carried out in engorged and in questing ticks collected in Verbano Cusio Ossola county, Piemonte region, Italy. Engorged ticks were removed from wild and domestic animal hosts. The most abundant and common tick species in the area was Ixodes ricinus (192 adults, 907 nymphs). Few individuals of Ixodes hexagonus (15) and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (7) were found among the ticks removed from domestic animals (46 examined ticks). The presence of Rickettsia spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu latu, Francisella tularensis and Coxiella burnetii was evaluated by PCR and sequencing in 392 individuals of I. ricinus (adult and nymphal stages) and 22 individuals of the two other tick species. Five Borrelia species (i.e. B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. valaisiana and B. lusitaniae), proved or suspected to cause clinical manifestations of Lyme disease in humans, showed 10.5 and 2.2% combined prevalence in questing and engorged I. ricinus, respectively. In addition, two species of rickettsiae (R. helvetica and R. monacensis) were identified and reported with 14.5 and 24.8% overall prevalence in questing and in engorged ticks. The prevalence of F. tularensis in the ticks collected on two wild ungulate species (Capreolus capreolus and Cervus elaphus) was 5.7%. This work provided further data and broadened our knowledge on bacterial pathogens present in ticks in Northwest Italy.
Dario Pistone; Massimo Pajoro; Eva Novakova; Nadia Vicari; Cesare Gaiardelli; Roberto Viganò; Camilla Luzzago; Matteo Montagna; Paolo Lanfranchi. Ticks and bacterial tick-borne pathogens in Piemonte region, Northwest Italy. Experimental and Applied Acarology 2017, 73, 477 -491.
AMA StyleDario Pistone, Massimo Pajoro, Eva Novakova, Nadia Vicari, Cesare Gaiardelli, Roberto Viganò, Camilla Luzzago, Matteo Montagna, Paolo Lanfranchi. Ticks and bacterial tick-borne pathogens in Piemonte region, Northwest Italy. Experimental and Applied Acarology. 2017; 73 (3):477-491.
Chicago/Turabian StyleDario Pistone; Massimo Pajoro; Eva Novakova; Nadia Vicari; Cesare Gaiardelli; Roberto Viganò; Camilla Luzzago; Matteo Montagna; Paolo Lanfranchi. 2017. "Ticks and bacterial tick-borne pathogens in Piemonte region, Northwest Italy." Experimental and Applied Acarology 73, no. 3: 477-491.
Border disease virus (BDV) affects a wide range of ruminants worldwide, mainly domestic sheep and goat. Since 2001 several outbreaks of disease associated to BDV infection have been described in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica pyrenaica) in Spain, France and Andorra. In order to reconstruct the most probable places of origin and pathways of dispersion of BDV among Pyrenean chamois, a phylogenetic analysis of 95 BDV 5’untranslated sequences has been performed on chamois and domestic ungulates, including novel sequences and retrieved from public databases, using a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method. Discrete and continuous space phylogeography have been applied on chamois sequences dataset, using centroid positions and latitude and longitude coordinates of the animals, respectively. The estimated mean evolutionary rate of BDV sequences was 2.9×10−3 subs/site/year (95% HPD: 1.5–4.6×10−3). All the Pyrenean chamois isolates clustered in a unique highly significant clade, that originated from BDV-4a ovine clade. The introduction from sheep (dated back to the early 90s) generated a founder effect on the chamois population and the most probable place of origin of Pyrenean chamois BDV was estimated at coordinates 42.42 N and 1.9 E. The pathways of virus dispersion showed two main routes: the first started on the early 90s of the past century with a westward direction and the second arise in Central Pyrenees. The virus spread westward for more than 125 km and southward for about 50km and the estimated epidemic diffusion rate was about 13.1 km/year (95% HPD 5.2–21.4 km/year). The strong spatial structure, with strains from a single locality segregating together in homogeneous groups, and the significant pathways of viral dispersion among the areas, allowed to reconstruct both events of infection in a single area and of migrations, occurring between neighboring areas.
Camilla Luzzago; Erika Ebranati; Oscar Cabezon; Laura Fernández-Sirera; Santiago Lavín; Rosa Rosell; Carla Veo; Luca Rossi; Serena Cavallero; Paolo Lanfranchi; Ignasi Marco; Gianguglielmo Zehender. Spatial and Temporal Phylogeny of Border Disease Virus in Pyrenean Chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica). PLOS ONE 2016, 11, e0168232 .
AMA StyleCamilla Luzzago, Erika Ebranati, Oscar Cabezon, Laura Fernández-Sirera, Santiago Lavín, Rosa Rosell, Carla Veo, Luca Rossi, Serena Cavallero, Paolo Lanfranchi, Ignasi Marco, Gianguglielmo Zehender. Spatial and Temporal Phylogeny of Border Disease Virus in Pyrenean Chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica). PLOS ONE. 2016; 11 (12):e0168232.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamilla Luzzago; Erika Ebranati; Oscar Cabezon; Laura Fernández-Sirera; Santiago Lavín; Rosa Rosell; Carla Veo; Luca Rossi; Serena Cavallero; Paolo Lanfranchi; Ignasi Marco; Gianguglielmo Zehender. 2016. "Spatial and Temporal Phylogeny of Border Disease Virus in Pyrenean Chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica)." PLOS ONE 11, no. 12: e0168232.
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 in Italy is characterized by high genetic diversity, with at least 20 subtypes. Subtype 1f is endemic in a restricted geographic area, meaning that it has local distribution. We investigated the population dynamics of BVDV-1f in Northern Italy and characterized the transmission chains of a subset of samples from Piedmont and Aosta Valley regions. A total of 51 samples from 1966 to 2013 were considered and 5' UTR sequences were used for phylogeography. A subset of 12 samples was selected for Npro gene sequencing and further characterization of the transmission chains using both molecular and epidemiological data. Phylogeography estimated the root of BVDV-1f tree in Veneto in 1965. Four significant subclades included sequences clustering by region: Lombardy (n=3), Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna (n=7), Piedmont (n=17), Piedmont and Aosta Valley (n=21). The Piedmont-only subclade has a ladder-like branching structure, while the Piedmont and Aosta Valley subclade has a nearly complete binary structure. In the subset, the outbreak reconstruction identified one sample from Piedmont as the most probable source of infection for the Aosta Valley cases. An ad hoc questionnaire submitted to public veterinarians revealed connections between sampled and non-sampled farms by means of trades, exhibitions and markets. According to the phylogeography, BVDV-1f moved westward, entering from Veneto, and spreading to Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna in the early 1990s, and finally to Piedmont and Aosta Valley in the first decade of 2000s. Both phylogeographic analyses on the whole dataset and on the selection of Npro dataset pointed out that subtype 1f entered Aosta Valley from Piedmont. The integration of molecular and epidemiological data revealed connections between farms, and such approach should be considered in any control plan. In Aosta Valley, the study showed that BVDV1f can be controlled only monitoring the introduction of cattle from Piedmont region.
Francesco Cerutti; Camilla Luzzago; Stefania Lauzi; Erika Ebranati; Claudio Caruso; Loretta Masoero; Ana Moreno; Pier Luigi Acutis; Gianguglielmo Zehender; Simone Peletto. Phylogeography, phylodynamics and transmission chains of bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 1f in Northern Italy. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2016, 45, 262 -267.
AMA StyleFrancesco Cerutti, Camilla Luzzago, Stefania Lauzi, Erika Ebranati, Claudio Caruso, Loretta Masoero, Ana Moreno, Pier Luigi Acutis, Gianguglielmo Zehender, Simone Peletto. Phylogeography, phylodynamics and transmission chains of bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 1f in Northern Italy. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2016; 45 ():262-267.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesco Cerutti; Camilla Luzzago; Stefania Lauzi; Erika Ebranati; Claudio Caruso; Loretta Masoero; Ana Moreno; Pier Luigi Acutis; Gianguglielmo Zehender; Simone Peletto. 2016. "Phylogeography, phylodynamics and transmission chains of bovine viral diarrhea virus subtype 1f in Northern Italy." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 45, no. : 262-267.
Q fever is a zoonosis caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii; domestic ruminants, mainly goats and sheep, are the main source of Q fever outbreaks in humans. From both a public and an animal health perspective, providing reliable prevalence data is extremely relevant for the decision processes by policymakers and food producer organizations. Information on Q fever seroprevalence in small ruminants in Italy is currently incomplete and largely based on reports of reproductive disorders in livestock farms. To estimate animal and flock seroprevalence of C. burnetii in small ruminants (sheep, goats and mixed flocks), a cross-sectional study with a two-stage design was carried out in northwest Italy. Between January and December 2012, sera from 5738 animals (2553 sheep and 3185 goats) belonging to 411 flocks (206 goats, 111 sheep, and 94 mixed flocks) were examined for specific anti-C. burnetii IgG antibodies by a commercial ELISA kit. A questionnaire investigating possible associations between farm management and C. burnetii seropositivity was administered. At the flock level, the overall true seroprevalence adjusted for test sensitivity and specificity was 31.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 24.8-37.7). Sheep-farm and goat-farm true seroprevalence was 38.7% (95% CI 25.5-51.9) and 19.5% (95% CI 11.5-27.6), respectively. Interestingly, the true seroprevalence (48.5%; 95% CI 34.7-62.3) was higher in the mixed flocks (sheep and goats). At the animal level, the overall true seroprevalence was 15.9% (95% CI 15.4-16.4). No difference was found between the two species, but the true seroprevalence was significantly higher (χ(2)=7.49; p<0.007) among the goats in mixed flocks (25.7%; 95% CI 24.4-27.1) than the sheep (16.3%; 95% CI 15.1-17.4), suggesting a potential difference in susceptibility between the two species or the result of factors affecting their immune response or related to the livestock management system as the period of exposure to C. burnetii. A multivariable logistic model that controlled for farm-level clustering identified five main risk factors associated with farm seropositivity (p≤0.05): flock size of more than 12 animals (odds ratio [OR] 4.2; 95% CI 2.6-6.7), contact with other flocks (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2-3.6), mixed flock type (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.4-4.2), farms located in the western area (OR 2.4; 95% CI 1.4-4.2), and infertility during the previous year (OR 2.6; 95% CI 1.2-5.2). The results of this study yielded baseline information that may be useful to set up future epidemiologic, flock management, and public health policies for the prevention and control of Q fever in Italy.
Francesca Rizzo; Nicoletta Vitale; Marco Ballardini; Vitaliano Borromeo; Camilla Luzzago; Laura Chiavacci; Maria Lucia Mandola. Q fever seroprevalence and risk factors in sheep and goats in northwest Italy. Preventive Veterinary Medicine 2016, 130, 10 -17.
AMA StyleFrancesca Rizzo, Nicoletta Vitale, Marco Ballardini, Vitaliano Borromeo, Camilla Luzzago, Laura Chiavacci, Maria Lucia Mandola. Q fever seroprevalence and risk factors in sheep and goats in northwest Italy. Preventive Veterinary Medicine. 2016; 130 ():10-17.
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrancesca Rizzo; Nicoletta Vitale; Marco Ballardini; Vitaliano Borromeo; Camilla Luzzago; Laura Chiavacci; Maria Lucia Mandola. 2016. "Q fever seroprevalence and risk factors in sheep and goats in northwest Italy." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 130, no. : 10-17.
Tick-borne diseases are emerging worldwide and have an important zoonotic relevance. Dogs play an important role in the epidemiology of several zoonotic tick-borne pathogens acting as sentinels and/or reservoirs. This study focused on the molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens in blood samples of 153 autochthonous asymptomatic dogs in Maio Island, Cape Verde archipelago. Eighty-four (54.9%) dogs were positive for one or more pathogens. Fifty-five (35.9%) dogs were infected with Hepatozoon canis, 53 (34.6%) with Anaplasma platys, five (3.3%) with Ehrlichia canis and Rickettsia monacensis, an emerging human pathogen, was also identified in a single dog (0.7%). The former three pathogens cause important canine tick-borne diseases that are transmitted or potentially transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., the only hard tick identified in Cape Verde. Furthermore, Wolbachia spp. was amplified from the blood of one dog. None of the dogs were positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Midichloria mitochondrii, Bartonella spp., Babesia spp. or Theileria spp. Fifty-four (35.3%) animals showed single infections and 30 (19.6%) co-infections, with A. platys and H. canis co-infection being the most frequent (28 dogs, 18.3%). The frequency of E. canis infection was statistically different among age groups (P = 0.017), being higher among dogs older than 4 years compared to younger dogs. Infection by A. platys was also statistically different among age groups (P = 0.031), being higher in dogs younger than 2 years compared to older dogs. The statistical analyses showed no significant association of PCR positivity with gender or location. The frequency of tick-borne pathogens detected in dogs in Maio Island, including R. monacensis, highlights the need to improve diagnosis and control in order to prevent the risk of transmission of these pathogens among dogs and humans living in or travelling to this touristic island.
Stefania Lauzi; João P Maia; Sara Epis; Ricardo Marcos; Cristina Pereira; Camilla Luzzago; Marta Santos; Pablo Puente-Payo; Alessia Giordano; Massimo Pajoro; Giuseppe Sironi; Augusto Faustino. Molecular detection of Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis and Rickettsia monacensis in dogs from Maio Island of Cape Verde archipelago. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 2016, 7, 964 -969.
AMA StyleStefania Lauzi, João P Maia, Sara Epis, Ricardo Marcos, Cristina Pereira, Camilla Luzzago, Marta Santos, Pablo Puente-Payo, Alessia Giordano, Massimo Pajoro, Giuseppe Sironi, Augusto Faustino. Molecular detection of Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis and Rickettsia monacensis in dogs from Maio Island of Cape Verde archipelago. Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases. 2016; 7 (5):964-969.
Chicago/Turabian StyleStefania Lauzi; João P Maia; Sara Epis; Ricardo Marcos; Cristina Pereira; Camilla Luzzago; Marta Santos; Pablo Puente-Payo; Alessia Giordano; Massimo Pajoro; Giuseppe Sironi; Augusto Faustino. 2016. "Molecular detection of Anaplasma platys, Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon canis and Rickettsia monacensis in dogs from Maio Island of Cape Verde archipelago." Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases 7, no. 5: 964-969.
The prevalence of canine Dirofilaria infection in Maio Island (Cape Verde) was analysed by serology, morphological and molecular identification of the parasite species. Blood and sera were collected from 150 dogs and 80 cats aged over 6 months from various localities of the island. DNA was extracted from blood and samples were screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using microfilaria-specific primers. No Dirofilaria immitis was found in dogs while D. repens microfilariae were found in 5.3% of dogs and 6% were positive by PCR. The species identity was confirmed by sequencing of PCR products, which showed almost 100% homology with D. repens European sequences published in GenBank. No difference in Dirofilaria infection was observed between males and females or in dogs with different weights. However, older dogs and those from the western part of Maio Island were more frequently infected. No Dirofilaria was found in cats. This study represents the first evidence of D. repens in Cape Verde (West Africa) and highlights the need for implementing control measures and for a better surveillance of dirofilariosis in Africa.
R. Marcos; C. Pereira; João P Maia; M. Santos; Camilla Luzzago; Stefania Lauzi; C. Genchi; A. Faustino; P. Puente-Payo. The occurrence of the filarial nematode Dirofilaria repens in canine hosts from Maio Island, Cape Verde. Journal of Helminthology 2016, 91, 87 -90.
AMA StyleR. Marcos, C. Pereira, João P Maia, M. Santos, Camilla Luzzago, Stefania Lauzi, C. Genchi, A. Faustino, P. Puente-Payo. The occurrence of the filarial nematode Dirofilaria repens in canine hosts from Maio Island, Cape Verde. Journal of Helminthology. 2016; 91 (1):87-90.
Chicago/Turabian StyleR. Marcos; C. Pereira; João P Maia; M. Santos; Camilla Luzzago; Stefania Lauzi; C. Genchi; A. Faustino; P. Puente-Payo. 2016. "The occurrence of the filarial nematode Dirofilaria repens in canine hosts from Maio Island, Cape Verde." Journal of Helminthology 91, no. 1: 87-90.
In recent years, an increasing number of cases of canine dirofilariasis have been reported worldwide. However, the rate of infection in dogs is largely unknown in many remote areas, and the importance of field studies for determination of the prevalence of canine dirofilariasis in such areas is well recognized. The detection of microfilariae by the modified Knott's test (MKT) is a recommended screening method for canine dirofilariasis. The purposes of this study were to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of the MKT with the buffy coat smear method (BCS), and to evaluate the utility of these 2 methods under field study conditions. One hundred and fifty dogs of the Maio Island of Republic of Cabo Verde, Portugal were screened for microfilariae using MKT and BCS. The results of the 2 methods were generated in a blinded manner and statistically compared. The detection rate was 4.67% with the MKT and 5.33% with BCS, which is statistically not different. The latter allowed a morphologic identification of Dirofilaria repens (later confirmed by molecular biology methods) and an estimation of parasite load, which varied from 15 to 185 microfilariae/mL. The methods MKT and BCS were comparable in terms of diagnostic sensitivity. However, the BCS was technically less demanding and produced permanent preparations, in which co-infection with other hematologic pathogens can easily be assessed. Overall, this method is well suited to assess microfilariae in a large number of animals, and it could replace the MKT in studies devoted to dirofilariasis.
Ricardo Marcos; Cristina Pereira; Marta Santos; Camilla Luzzago; Stefania Lauzi; João P Maia; Augusto Faustino; Pablo Puente-Payo. Buffy coat smear or Knott's test: which to choose for canine microfilaria screening in field studies? Veterinary Clinical Pathology 2016, 45, 201 -205.
AMA StyleRicardo Marcos, Cristina Pereira, Marta Santos, Camilla Luzzago, Stefania Lauzi, João P Maia, Augusto Faustino, Pablo Puente-Payo. Buffy coat smear or Knott's test: which to choose for canine microfilaria screening in field studies? Veterinary Clinical Pathology. 2016; 45 (1):201-205.
Chicago/Turabian StyleRicardo Marcos; Cristina Pereira; Marta Santos; Camilla Luzzago; Stefania Lauzi; João P Maia; Augusto Faustino; Pablo Puente-Payo. 2016. "Buffy coat smear or Knott's test: which to choose for canine microfilaria screening in field studies?" Veterinary Clinical Pathology 45, no. 1: 201-205.
Hepatitis E virus is classified into four genotypes that have different geographical and host distributions. The main cause of sporadic autochthonous type E acute hepatitis in developed countries is genotype 3, which has a worldwide distribution and widely infects pigs. The aim of this study was to make hypotheses concerning the origin and global dispersion routes of this genotype by reconstructing the spatial and temporal dynamics of 208 HEV genotype 3 ORF-2 sequences (retrieved from public databases) isolated in different geographical areas. The evolutionary rates, time of the most recent common ancestors (tMRCAs), epidemic growth and phylogeography of HEV-3 were co-estimated using a MCMC Bayesian method. The maximum clade credibility tree showed the existence of two distinct main clades: clade A, which consists of only European subtypes (HEV-3e and 3f), and clade B, which consists of European subtype 3c and all of the Asian subtypes (3a, 3b and 3d) sharing a common ancestor, which most probably existed in Asia in 1920s. All of the North American isolates belonged to Asian subtype 3a. On the basis of our time-scaled phylogeographical reconstruction, we hypothesise that after originating in the early 1800s in Europe, HEV reached Asia in the first decades of 1900, and then moved to America probably in the 1970s-1980s. Analysis of the skyline plot showed a sharp increase of the number of infections between the 1980s and 2005, thus suggesting the intervention of new and highly efficient routes of transmission possibly related to changes in the pig industry.
Gianguglielmo Zehender; Erika Ebranati; Alessia Lai; Camilla Luzzago; Sara Paladini; Catia Tagliacarne; Cristina Galli; Massimo Galli; Massimo Ciccozzi; Alessandro R. Zanetti; Luisa Romanò. Phylogeography and phylodynamics of European genotype 3 hepatitis E virus. Infection, Genetics and Evolution 2014, 25, 138 -143.
AMA StyleGianguglielmo Zehender, Erika Ebranati, Alessia Lai, Camilla Luzzago, Sara Paladini, Catia Tagliacarne, Cristina Galli, Massimo Galli, Massimo Ciccozzi, Alessandro R. Zanetti, Luisa Romanò. Phylogeography and phylodynamics of European genotype 3 hepatitis E virus. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2014; 25 ():138-143.
Chicago/Turabian StyleGianguglielmo Zehender; Erika Ebranati; Alessia Lai; Camilla Luzzago; Sara Paladini; Catia Tagliacarne; Cristina Galli; Massimo Galli; Massimo Ciccozzi; Alessandro R. Zanetti; Luisa Romanò. 2014. "Phylogeography and phylodynamics of European genotype 3 hepatitis E virus." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 25, no. : 138-143.
Genetic typing of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has distinguished BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 species and an emerging putative third species (HoBi-like virus), recently detected in southern Italy, signaling the occurrence of natural infection in Europe. Recognizing the need to update the data on BVDV genetic variability in Italy for mounting local and European alerts, a wide collection of 5′ UTR sequences (n = 371) was selected to identify the frequency of genotypes and subtypes at the herd level. BVDV-1 had the highest frequency, followed by sporadic BVDV-2. No novel HoBi-like viruses were identified. Four distribution patterns of BVDV-1 subtypes were observed: highly prevalent subtypes with a wide temporal-spatial distribution (1b and 1e), low prevalent subtypes with a widespread geographic distribution (1a, 1d, 1g, 1h, and 1k) or a restricted geographic distribution (1f), and sporadic subtypes detected only in single herds (1c, 1j, and 1l). BVDV-1c, k, and l are reported for the first time in Italy. A unique genetic variant was detected in the majority of herds, but cocirculation of genetic variants was also observed. Northern Italy ranked first for BVDV introduction, prevalence, and dispersion. Nevertheless, the presence of sporadic variants in other restricted areas suggests the risk of different routes of BVDV introduction.
Camilla Luzzago; Stefania Lauzi; Erika Ebranati; Monica Giammarioli; Ana Moreno; Vincenza Cannella; Loretta Masoero; Elena Canelli; Annalisa Guercio; Claudio Caruso; Massimo Ciccozzi; Gian Mario De Mia; Pier Luigi Acutis; Gianguglielmo Zehender; Simone Peletto. Extended Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Frequency of Genotypes and Subtypes in Cattle in Italy between 1995 and 2013. BioMed Research International 2014, 2014, 1 -8.
AMA StyleCamilla Luzzago, Stefania Lauzi, Erika Ebranati, Monica Giammarioli, Ana Moreno, Vincenza Cannella, Loretta Masoero, Elena Canelli, Annalisa Guercio, Claudio Caruso, Massimo Ciccozzi, Gian Mario De Mia, Pier Luigi Acutis, Gianguglielmo Zehender, Simone Peletto. Extended Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Frequency of Genotypes and Subtypes in Cattle in Italy between 1995 and 2013. BioMed Research International. 2014; 2014 (11):1-8.
Chicago/Turabian StyleCamilla Luzzago; Stefania Lauzi; Erika Ebranati; Monica Giammarioli; Ana Moreno; Vincenza Cannella; Loretta Masoero; Elena Canelli; Annalisa Guercio; Claudio Caruso; Massimo Ciccozzi; Gian Mario De Mia; Pier Luigi Acutis; Gianguglielmo Zehender; Simone Peletto. 2014. "Extended Genetic Diversity of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus and Frequency of Genotypes and Subtypes in Cattle in Italy between 1995 and 2013." BioMed Research International 2014, no. 11: 1-8.