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Dr. Ana Moreno
Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", IZSLER. Via Bianchi, 9 - 25124 Brescia, Italy

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0 Emerging Infectious Diseases
0 Epidemiology
0 Immunology
0 Molecular Virology
0 Virology

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Journal article
Published: 25 August 2021 in Viruses
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To date, no evidence supports the fact that animals play a role in the epidemiology of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, several animal species are naturally susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Besides pets (cats, dogs, Syrian hamsters, and ferrets) and farm animals (minks), different zoo animal species have tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (large felids and non-human primates). After the summer of 2020, a second wave of SARS-CoV-2 infection occurred in Barcelona (Spain), reaching a peak of positive cases in November. During that period, four lions (Panthera leo) at the Barcelona Zoo and three caretakers developed respiratory signs and tested positive for the SARS-CoV-2 antigen. Lion infection was monitored for several weeks and nasal, fecal, saliva, and blood samples were taken at different time-points. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in nasal samples from all studied lions and the viral RNA was detected up to two weeks after the initial viral positive test in three out of four animals. The SARS-CoV-2 genome was also detected in the feces of animals at different times. Virus isolation was successful only from respiratory samples of two lions at an early time-point. The four animals developed neutralizing antibodies after the infection that were detectable four months after the initial diagnosis. The partial SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence from one animal caretaker was identical to the sequences obtained from lions. Chronology of the events, the viral dynamics, and the genomic data support human-to-lion transmission as the origin of infection.

ACS Style

Hugo Fernández-Bellon; Jordi Rodon; Leira Fernández-Bastit; Vanessa Almagro; Pilar Padilla-Solé; Cristina Lorca-Oró; Rosa Valle; Núria Roca; Santina Grazioli; Tiziana Trogu; Albert Bensaid; Jorge Carrillo; Nuria Izquierdo-Useros; Julià Blanco; Mariona Parera; Marc Noguera-Julián; Bonaventura Clotet; Ana Moreno; Joaquim Segalés; Júlia Vergara-Alert. Monitoring Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Lions (Panthera leo) at the Barcelona Zoo: Viral Dynamics and Host Responses. Viruses 2021, 13, 1683 .

AMA Style

Hugo Fernández-Bellon, Jordi Rodon, Leira Fernández-Bastit, Vanessa Almagro, Pilar Padilla-Solé, Cristina Lorca-Oró, Rosa Valle, Núria Roca, Santina Grazioli, Tiziana Trogu, Albert Bensaid, Jorge Carrillo, Nuria Izquierdo-Useros, Julià Blanco, Mariona Parera, Marc Noguera-Julián, Bonaventura Clotet, Ana Moreno, Joaquim Segalés, Júlia Vergara-Alert. Monitoring Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Lions (Panthera leo) at the Barcelona Zoo: Viral Dynamics and Host Responses. Viruses. 2021; 13 (9):1683.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hugo Fernández-Bellon; Jordi Rodon; Leira Fernández-Bastit; Vanessa Almagro; Pilar Padilla-Solé; Cristina Lorca-Oró; Rosa Valle; Núria Roca; Santina Grazioli; Tiziana Trogu; Albert Bensaid; Jorge Carrillo; Nuria Izquierdo-Useros; Julià Blanco; Mariona Parera; Marc Noguera-Julián; Bonaventura Clotet; Ana Moreno; Joaquim Segalés; Júlia Vergara-Alert. 2021. "Monitoring Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Lions (Panthera leo) at the Barcelona Zoo: Viral Dynamics and Host Responses." Viruses 13, no. 9: 1683.

Brief report
Published: 10 August 2021 in Viruses
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Phleboviruses are arboviruses transmitted by sand flies, mosquitoes and ticks. Some sand fly-borne phleboviruses cause illnesses in humans, such as the summer fevers caused by the Sicilian and Naples viruses or meningitis caused by the Toscana virus. Indeed, traces of several phleboviral infections have been serologically detected in domestic animals, but their potential pathogenic role in vertebrates other than humans is still unclear, as is the role of vertebrates as potential reservoirs of these viruses. In this study, we report the results of a serological survey performed on domestic animals sampled in Northern Italy, against four phleboviruses isolated from sand flies in the same area. The sera of 23 dogs, 165 sheep and 23 goats were tested with a virus neutralization assay for Toscana virus, Fermo virus, Ponticelli I virus and Ponticelli III virus. Neutralizing antibodies against one or more phleboviruses were detected in four out of 23 dogs, 31 out of 165 sheep and 12 out of 23 goats. This study shows preliminary evidence for the distribution pattern of phleboviral infections in different animal species, highlighting the potential infection of the Toscana virus in dogs and the Fermo virus in goats.

ACS Style

Davide Lelli; Vittorio Scanferla; Ana Moreno; Enrica Sozzi; Valentina Ravaioli; Maria Renzi; Giovanni Tosi; Michele Dottori; Antonio Lavazza; Mattia Calzolari. Serological Evidence of Phleboviruses in Domestic Animals on the Pre-Apennine Hills (Northern Italy). Viruses 2021, 13, 1577 .

AMA Style

Davide Lelli, Vittorio Scanferla, Ana Moreno, Enrica Sozzi, Valentina Ravaioli, Maria Renzi, Giovanni Tosi, Michele Dottori, Antonio Lavazza, Mattia Calzolari. Serological Evidence of Phleboviruses in Domestic Animals on the Pre-Apennine Hills (Northern Italy). Viruses. 2021; 13 (8):1577.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Davide Lelli; Vittorio Scanferla; Ana Moreno; Enrica Sozzi; Valentina Ravaioli; Maria Renzi; Giovanni Tosi; Michele Dottori; Antonio Lavazza; Mattia Calzolari. 2021. "Serological Evidence of Phleboviruses in Domestic Animals on the Pre-Apennine Hills (Northern Italy)." Viruses 13, no. 8: 1577.

Original article
Published: 25 June 2021 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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SARS-CoV-2 positive or seropositive owned cats have been reported worldwide. The detection of seropositive stray cats in the proximity of farms of infected minks, coupled with the demonstration of cat-to-cat transmission in experimental settings, raise the question whether stray cats may have an epidemiological role in the COVID-19 pandemic and may act as sentinel for the circulation of SARS-CoV-2. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in free roaming cats belonging to colonies located in an area highly affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and to correlate the results with the positivity rate in people sharing the same area. Interdigital, cutaneous, oropharyngeal, nasal and rectal swabs, as well as blood samples, were collected from 99 cats living in colonies and admitted to our hospital for neutering. This caseload corresponds to the 24.2% of the feline population living in the 25 sampled colonies and to the 5.6% of all the free-roaming registered cats. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in swabs was assessed using real time RT-PCR. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 serum antibodies were assessed using commercially available ELISA kits and confirmed by serum virus neutralization. In people, the SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate ranged from 3.0% to 5.1% (mean rate: 4.1%) and the seropositive rate from 12.1% to 16.3% (mean rate: 14.2%). Most of the colonies were in urban areas and resident cats had frequent contacts with external cats or people. A COVID-19 positive caretaker was found, whereas all the cats were negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA and seronegative. Although the negative results cannot exclude previous infections followed by decrease of antibodies, this study suggests that colony cats do not have an important epidemiological role in SARS-CoV-2 transmission dynamics. Further studies on larger caseloads are warranted, also in the light of the emerging new viral variants, on a One Health perspective.

ACS Style

Angelica Stranieri; Stefania Lauzi; Alessia Giordano; Luigi Galimberti; Gabriele Ratti; Nicola Decaro; Federica Brioschi; Davide Lelli; Silvia Gabba; Ndiana Linda Amarachi; Eleonora Lorusso; Ana Moreno; Tiziana Trogu; Saverio Paltrinieri. Absence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA and anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies in stray cats. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

Angelica Stranieri, Stefania Lauzi, Alessia Giordano, Luigi Galimberti, Gabriele Ratti, Nicola Decaro, Federica Brioschi, Davide Lelli, Silvia Gabba, Ndiana Linda Amarachi, Eleonora Lorusso, Ana Moreno, Tiziana Trogu, Saverio Paltrinieri. Absence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA and anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies in stray cats. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angelica Stranieri; Stefania Lauzi; Alessia Giordano; Luigi Galimberti; Gabriele Ratti; Nicola Decaro; Federica Brioschi; Davide Lelli; Silvia Gabba; Ndiana Linda Amarachi; Eleonora Lorusso; Ana Moreno; Tiziana Trogu; Saverio Paltrinieri. 2021. "Absence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA and anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies in stray cats." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.

Original article
Published: 25 April 2021 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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Several emerging pestiviruses have been reported lately, some of which have proved to cause disease. Recently, a new ovine pestivirus (OVPV), isolated from aborted lambs, with high genetic identity to classical swine fever virus (CSFV), has proved to induce reproductive disorders in pregnant ewes. OVPV also generated strong serological and molecular cross‐reaction with CSFV. To assess the capacity of OVPV to infect swine, twelve piglets were infected either by intranasal or intramuscular route. Daily clinical evaluation and weekly samplings were performed to determine pathogenicity, viral replication and excretion and induction of immune response. Five weeks later, two pigs from each group were euthanized and tissue samples were collected to study viral replication and distribution. OVPV generated only mild clinical signs in the piglets, including wasting and polyarthritis. The virus was able to replicate, as shown by the RNA levels found in sera and swabs and persisted in tonsil for at least 5 weeks. Viral replication activated the innate and adaptive immunity, evidenced by the induction of interferon‐alpha levels early after infection and cross‐neutralizing antibodies against CSFV, including humoural response against CSFV E2 and Erns glycoproteins. Close antigenic relation between OVPV and CSFV genotype 2.3 was detected. To determine the OVPV protection against CSFV, the OVPV‐infected pigs were challenged with a highly virulent strain. Strong clinical, virological and immunological protection was generated in the OVPV‐infected pigs, in direct contrast with the infection control group. Our findings show, for the first time, the OVPV capacity to infect swine, activate immunity, and the robust protection conferred against CSFV. In addition, their genetic and antigenic similarities, the close relationship between both viruses, suggest their possible coevolution as two branches stemming from a shared origin at the same time in two different hosts.

ACS Style

José Alejandro Bohórquez; Enrica Sozzi; Miaomiao Wang; Mònica Alberch; Xavier Abad; Alessandra Gaffuri; Davide Lelli; Rosa Rosell; Lester Josue Pérez; Ana Moreno; Llilianne Ganges. The new emerging ovine pestivirus can infect pigs and confers strong protection against classical swine fever virus. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2021, 1 .

AMA Style

José Alejandro Bohórquez, Enrica Sozzi, Miaomiao Wang, Mònica Alberch, Xavier Abad, Alessandra Gaffuri, Davide Lelli, Rosa Rosell, Lester Josue Pérez, Ana Moreno, Llilianne Ganges. The new emerging ovine pestivirus can infect pigs and confers strong protection against classical swine fever virus. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2021; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

José Alejandro Bohórquez; Enrica Sozzi; Miaomiao Wang; Mònica Alberch; Xavier Abad; Alessandra Gaffuri; Davide Lelli; Rosa Rosell; Lester Josue Pérez; Ana Moreno; Llilianne Ganges. 2021. "The new emerging ovine pestivirus can infect pigs and confers strong protection against classical swine fever virus." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.

Journal article
Published: 13 January 2021 in Viruses
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Canine distemper (CD) is a fatal, highly contagious disease of wild and domestic carnivores. In the Alpine territory, several outbreaks have occurred in the past few decades within wild populations. This study investigated the presence of canine distemper virus (CDV) infections in wild carnivores in Lombardy, relating to the different circulating genotypes. From 2018 to 2020, foxes, badgers, and martens collected during passive surveillance were subjected to necropsy and histological examination, showing classical signs and microscopic lesions related to CDV. Pools of viscera from each animal were analysed by molecular methods and immunoelectron microscopy. Total prevalences of 39.7%, 52.6%, and 14.3% were recorded in foxes, badgers, and stone martens, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the sequences obtained belonged to the European 1 lineage and were divided into two different clades (a and b) according to the geographical conformation of alpine valleys included in the study. Clade a was related to the European outbreaks originating from Germany in 2006–2010, while clade b was closely related to the CDV sequences originating from northeastern Italy during the 2011–2018 epidemic wave. Our results suggest that CDV is currently well adapted to wild carnivores, mostly circulating with subclinical manifestations and without severe impact on the dynamics of these populations.

ACS Style

Tiziana Trogu; Sabrina Canziani; Sara Salvato; Alessandro Bianchi; Irene Bertoletti; Lucia Rita Gibelli; Giovanni Loris Alborali; Ilaria Barbieri; Alessandra Gaffuri; Giovanni Sala; Enrica Sozzi; Davide Lelli; Antonio Lavazza; Ana Moreno. Canine Distemper Outbreaks in Wild Carnivores in Northern Italy. Viruses 2021, 13, 99 .

AMA Style

Tiziana Trogu, Sabrina Canziani, Sara Salvato, Alessandro Bianchi, Irene Bertoletti, Lucia Rita Gibelli, Giovanni Loris Alborali, Ilaria Barbieri, Alessandra Gaffuri, Giovanni Sala, Enrica Sozzi, Davide Lelli, Antonio Lavazza, Ana Moreno. Canine Distemper Outbreaks in Wild Carnivores in Northern Italy. Viruses. 2021; 13 (1):99.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tiziana Trogu; Sabrina Canziani; Sara Salvato; Alessandro Bianchi; Irene Bertoletti; Lucia Rita Gibelli; Giovanni Loris Alborali; Ilaria Barbieri; Alessandra Gaffuri; Giovanni Sala; Enrica Sozzi; Davide Lelli; Antonio Lavazza; Ana Moreno. 2021. "Canine Distemper Outbreaks in Wild Carnivores in Northern Italy." Viruses 13, no. 1: 99.

Journal article
Published: 20 December 2020 in Viruses
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Due to their need for living cells, viruses have developed adaptive evolutionary strategies to survive and perpetuate in reservoir hosts that play a crucial role in the ecology of emerging pathogens. Pathogenic and potentially pandemic betacoronaviruses arose in humans in 2002 (SARS-CoV, disappeared in July 2003), 2012 (MERS-CoV, still circulating in Middle East areas), and 2019 (SARS-CoV-2, causing the current global pandemic). As universally recognized, bats host ancestors of the above-mentioned zoonotic viruses. However, hedgehogs have been recently identified in Europe and Asia as possible reservoirs of MERS-CoV-like strains classified as Erinaceus coronavirus (EriCoV). To elucidate the evolution and genetics of EriCoVs, NGS (next generation sequencing) and Sanger sequencing were used to examine fecal samples collected in Northern Italy in 2018/2019 from 12 hedgehogs previously found EriCoV-positive by RT-PCR. By sequence analysis, eight complete EriCoV genomes, obtained by NGS, showed a high phylogenetic correlation with EriCoV strains previously reported in Eurasia. Interestingly, eight viral strains presented an additional ORF encoding for the CD200 ortholog located between the genes encoding for the Spike and the ORF3a proteins. The CD200 ortholog sequences were closely similar to the host CD200 protein but varying among EriCoVs. The result, confirmed by Sanger sequencing, demonstrates for the first time that CoVs can acquire host genes potentially involved in the immune-modulatory cascade and possibly enabling the virus to escape the host defence.

ACS Style

Luca De Sabato; Ilaria Di Bartolo; Maria Alessandra De Marco; Ana Moreno; Davide Lelli; Claudia Cotti; Mauro Delogu; Gabriele Vaccari. Can Coronaviruses Steal Genes from the Host as Evidenced in Western European Hedgehogs by EriCoV Genetic Characterization? Viruses 2020, 12, 1471 .

AMA Style

Luca De Sabato, Ilaria Di Bartolo, Maria Alessandra De Marco, Ana Moreno, Davide Lelli, Claudia Cotti, Mauro Delogu, Gabriele Vaccari. Can Coronaviruses Steal Genes from the Host as Evidenced in Western European Hedgehogs by EriCoV Genetic Characterization? Viruses. 2020; 12 (12):1471.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Luca De Sabato; Ilaria Di Bartolo; Maria Alessandra De Marco; Ana Moreno; Davide Lelli; Claudia Cotti; Mauro Delogu; Gabriele Vaccari. 2020. "Can Coronaviruses Steal Genes from the Host as Evidenced in Western European Hedgehogs by EriCoV Genetic Characterization?" Viruses 12, no. 12: 1471.

Original article
Published: 29 November 2020 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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The influenza D virus (IDV) was first identified and characterized in 2011. Considering the virus’ zoonotic potential, its genome nature (segmented RNA virus), its worldwide circulation in livestock, and its role in bovine respiratory disease, an increased interest is given to IDV. However, few data are available on drivers of emergence of IDV. We first listed fifty possible drivers of emergence of IDV in ruminants and swine. As recently carried out for COVID19 in pets (Saegerman e,t al, 2020b), a scoring system was developed per driver and scientific experts (N = 28) were elicited to: (i) allocate a score to each driver, (ii) weight the drivers scores within each domain and (iii) weight the different domains among themselves. An overall weighted score was calculated per driver; and drivers were ranked in decreasing order. Drivers with comparable likelihoods to play a role in the emergence of IDV in ruminants and swine in Europe were grouped using a regression tree analysis. Finally, the robustness of the expert elicitation was verified. Eight drivers were ranked with the highest probability to play a key role in the emergence of IDV: current species specificity of the causing agent of the disease; influence of (il)legal movements of live animals (ruminants, swine) from neighbouring/European Union member states and from Third countries for the disease to (re‐)emerge in a given country; detection of emergence; current knowledge of the pathogen; vaccine availability; animal density; and transport vehicles of live animals. As there is still limited scientific knowledge on the topic, expert elicitation of knowledge and multi‐criteria decision analysis, in addition to clustering and sensitivity analyses, are very important to prioritize future studies, starting from the top eight drivers. The present methodology could be applied to other emerging animal diseases.

ACS Style

Claude Saegerman; Juana Bianchini; Chantal J. Snoeck; Ana Moreno; Chiara Chiapponi; Siamak Zohari; Mariette F. Ducatez. First expert elicitation of knowledge on drivers of emergence of influenza D in Europe. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020, 1 .

AMA Style

Claude Saegerman, Juana Bianchini, Chantal J. Snoeck, Ana Moreno, Chiara Chiapponi, Siamak Zohari, Mariette F. Ducatez. First expert elicitation of knowledge on drivers of emergence of influenza D in Europe. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020; ():1.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Claude Saegerman; Juana Bianchini; Chantal J. Snoeck; Ana Moreno; Chiara Chiapponi; Siamak Zohari; Mariette F. Ducatez. 2020. "First expert elicitation of knowledge on drivers of emergence of influenza D in Europe." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases , no. : 1.

Case report
Published: 17 November 2020 in Pathogens
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Aujeszky’s disease in cattle is caused by Suid herpes virus 1. The natural infection has been reported worldwide in bovine species and it is related to direct and indirect contact with infected pigs, which represent the main reservoir of the virus. Here, it is reported the first documented outbreak of Aujeszky’s disease in cattle in Sicily (Italy). Severe itching and nonspecific neurological symptoms were the main reported clinical signs. No characteristic gross and histological features were reported other than cutaneous lesions caused by excessive pruritus and hyperaemia, haemorrhages and inflammation in the central nervous system. Diagnosis was confirmed by real time PCR and immunohistochemistry on the nervous tissue. The route of infection remained unknown, but serological data observed in pigs living in close cohabitation with cattle revealed a circulation of a wild strain of the virus in the area. This study contributes to a better knowledge of this disease in a non-conventional host and suggests the need to increase the prophylaxis control plans in specific breeding contexts.

ACS Style

Ciarello Flavia Pruiti; Maria Teresa Capucchio; Dorotea Ippolito; Elena Colombino; Lucia Rita Maria Gibelli; Michele Fiasconaro; Ana Maria Moreno Martin; Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti. First Report of a Severe Outbreak of Aujeszky’s Disease in Cattle in Sicily (Italy). Pathogens 2020, 9, 954 .

AMA Style

Ciarello Flavia Pruiti, Maria Teresa Capucchio, Dorotea Ippolito, Elena Colombino, Lucia Rita Maria Gibelli, Michele Fiasconaro, Ana Maria Moreno Martin, Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti. First Report of a Severe Outbreak of Aujeszky’s Disease in Cattle in Sicily (Italy). Pathogens. 2020; 9 (11):954.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ciarello Flavia Pruiti; Maria Teresa Capucchio; Dorotea Ippolito; Elena Colombino; Lucia Rita Maria Gibelli; Michele Fiasconaro; Ana Maria Moreno Martin; Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti. 2020. "First Report of a Severe Outbreak of Aujeszky’s Disease in Cattle in Sicily (Italy)." Pathogens 9, no. 11: 954.

Journal article
Published: 18 September 2020 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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ACS Style

Maria Gaudino; Ana Moreno; Chantal J. Snoeck; Siamak Zohari; Claude Saegerman; Tom O’Donovan; Eoin Ryan; Irene Zanni; Emanuela Foni; Aurelie Sausy; Judith M. Hübschen; Gilles Meyer; Chiara Chiapponi; Mariette F. Ducatez. Emerging Influenza D virus infection in European livestock as determined in serology studies: Are we underestimating its spread over the continent? Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020, 68, 1125 -1135.

AMA Style

Maria Gaudino, Ana Moreno, Chantal J. Snoeck, Siamak Zohari, Claude Saegerman, Tom O’Donovan, Eoin Ryan, Irene Zanni, Emanuela Foni, Aurelie Sausy, Judith M. Hübschen, Gilles Meyer, Chiara Chiapponi, Mariette F. Ducatez. Emerging Influenza D virus infection in European livestock as determined in serology studies: Are we underestimating its spread over the continent? Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020; 68 (3):1125-1135.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Maria Gaudino; Ana Moreno; Chantal J. Snoeck; Siamak Zohari; Claude Saegerman; Tom O’Donovan; Eoin Ryan; Irene Zanni; Emanuela Foni; Aurelie Sausy; Judith M. Hübschen; Gilles Meyer; Chiara Chiapponi; Mariette F. Ducatez. 2020. "Emerging Influenza D virus infection in European livestock as determined in serology studies: Are we underestimating its spread over the continent?" Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 68, no. 3: 1125-1135.

Journal article
Published: 17 July 2020 in Viruses
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This study shows the origin and the pathogenic role of a novel ovine pestivirus (OVPV) isolated in 2017 in Italy, as a pathogenic agent causing severe abortions after infection in pregnant ewes and high capacity for virus trans-placental transmission as well as the birth of lambs suffering OVPV-persistent infection. The OVPV infection induced early antibody response detected by the specific ELISA against classical swine fever virus (CSFV), another important virus affecting swine. The neutralizing antibody response were similar against CSFV strains from genotype 2 and the OVPV. These viruses showed high identity in the B/C domain of the E2-glycoprotein. Close molecular diagnostics cross-reactivity between CSFV and OVPV was found and a new OVPV molecular assay was developed. The phylodynamic analysis showed that CSFV seems to have emerged as the result of an inter-species jump of Tunisian sheep virus (TSV) from sheep to pigs. The OVPV and the CSFV share the TSV as a common ancestor, emerging around 300 years ago. This suggests that the differentiation of TSV into two dangerous new viruses for animal health (CSFV and OVPV) was likely favored by human intervention for the close housing of multiple species for intensive livestock production.

ACS Style

Miaomiao Wang; Enrica Sozzi; José Alejandro Bohórquez; Mònica Alberch; Joan Pujols; Guillermo Cantero; Alessandra Gaffuri; Davide Lelli; Rosa Rosell; Albert Bensaid; Mariano Domingo; Lester Josue Pérez; Ana Moreno; Llilianne Ganges. Decrypting the Origin and Pathogenesis in Pregnant Ewes of a New Ovine Pestivirus Closely Related to Classical Swine Fever Virus. Viruses 2020, 12, 775 .

AMA Style

Miaomiao Wang, Enrica Sozzi, José Alejandro Bohórquez, Mònica Alberch, Joan Pujols, Guillermo Cantero, Alessandra Gaffuri, Davide Lelli, Rosa Rosell, Albert Bensaid, Mariano Domingo, Lester Josue Pérez, Ana Moreno, Llilianne Ganges. Decrypting the Origin and Pathogenesis in Pregnant Ewes of a New Ovine Pestivirus Closely Related to Classical Swine Fever Virus. Viruses. 2020; 12 (7):775.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Miaomiao Wang; Enrica Sozzi; José Alejandro Bohórquez; Mònica Alberch; Joan Pujols; Guillermo Cantero; Alessandra Gaffuri; Davide Lelli; Rosa Rosell; Albert Bensaid; Mariano Domingo; Lester Josue Pérez; Ana Moreno; Llilianne Ganges. 2020. "Decrypting the Origin and Pathogenesis in Pregnant Ewes of a New Ovine Pestivirus Closely Related to Classical Swine Fever Virus." Viruses 12, no. 7: 775.

Journal article
Published: 11 July 2020 in Vaccines
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Pestivirus A or bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) type 1 is responsible for cosmopolitan diseases affecting cattle and other ruminants, presenting a wide range of clinical manifestations, with relevant impact on zootechnic production. The objective of the present study was to verify whether animals immunised with four commercial vaccines also developed a protective humoral immunity against other viral subgenotypes than those contained in each vaccine. Four groups of 25 bovines each were formed and vaccinated according to the manufacturer’s instructions of the commercial vaccines. On sera collected 28 days after the last vaccination, virus neutralisation tests (VNT) were performed using homologous and heterologous viruses and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods. Finally, the VNT results were comparatively evaluated through a statistical analysis. Serological results highlighted that, although with a different degree of efficiency, the four vaccines resulted in not developing a solid antibody-mediated cross-immunity against all the strains used.

ACS Style

Enrica Sozzi; Cecilia Righi; Massimo Boldini; Moira Bazzucchi; Giulia Pezzoni; Matteo Gradassi; Stefano Petrini; Davide Lelli; Giordano Ventura; Ilaria Pierini; Ana Moreno; Emiliana Brocchi; Antonio Lavazza; Gian Mario De Mia. Cross-Reactivity Antibody Response after Vaccination with Modified Live and Killed Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVD) Vaccines. Vaccines 2020, 8, 374 .

AMA Style

Enrica Sozzi, Cecilia Righi, Massimo Boldini, Moira Bazzucchi, Giulia Pezzoni, Matteo Gradassi, Stefano Petrini, Davide Lelli, Giordano Ventura, Ilaria Pierini, Ana Moreno, Emiliana Brocchi, Antonio Lavazza, Gian Mario De Mia. Cross-Reactivity Antibody Response after Vaccination with Modified Live and Killed Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVD) Vaccines. Vaccines. 2020; 8 (3):374.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enrica Sozzi; Cecilia Righi; Massimo Boldini; Moira Bazzucchi; Giulia Pezzoni; Matteo Gradassi; Stefano Petrini; Davide Lelli; Giordano Ventura; Ilaria Pierini; Ana Moreno; Emiliana Brocchi; Antonio Lavazza; Gian Mario De Mia. 2020. "Cross-Reactivity Antibody Response after Vaccination with Modified Live and Killed Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVD) Vaccines." Vaccines 8, no. 3: 374.

Journal article
Published: 30 May 2020 in Pathogens
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A proliferative cauliflower lesion was excised from the udder of a sheep. Histological investigation confirmed the macroscopic classification of the lesion as a papilloma, without any fibroblastic proliferation. PCR revealed the presence of bovine papillomavirus (BPV), which was further confirmed by the identification of a Deltapapillomavirus 4 by Next Generation Sequencing analysis. This was subsequently classified as bovine papillomavirus type 1. Negative staining electron microscopy (EM) analyses produced negative test results for papillomavirus particles. RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) confirmed the presence of BPV-1. The results further confirm the ability of BPVs belonging to the Deltapapillomavirus genus to infect distantly related species and to cause lesions that are different from sarcoids.

ACS Style

Federica Savini; Laura Gallina; Alice Prosperi; Roberto Puleio; Antonio Lavazza; Patrizia Di Marco; Serena Tumino; Ana Moreno; Davide Lelli; Annalisa Guercio; Alessandra Scagliarini. Bovine Papillomavirus 1 Gets Out of the Flock: Detection in an Ovine Wart in Sicily. Pathogens 2020, 9, 429 .

AMA Style

Federica Savini, Laura Gallina, Alice Prosperi, Roberto Puleio, Antonio Lavazza, Patrizia Di Marco, Serena Tumino, Ana Moreno, Davide Lelli, Annalisa Guercio, Alessandra Scagliarini. Bovine Papillomavirus 1 Gets Out of the Flock: Detection in an Ovine Wart in Sicily. Pathogens. 2020; 9 (6):429.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Federica Savini; Laura Gallina; Alice Prosperi; Roberto Puleio; Antonio Lavazza; Patrizia Di Marco; Serena Tumino; Ana Moreno; Davide Lelli; Annalisa Guercio; Alessandra Scagliarini. 2020. "Bovine Papillomavirus 1 Gets Out of the Flock: Detection in an Ovine Wart in Sicily." Pathogens 9, no. 6: 429.

Journal article
Published: 29 April 2020 in Scientific Reports
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Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) control is mainly based on wide vaccine administration. Although effective, its efficacy is not absolute, the viral circulation is not prevented and some side effects cannot be denied. Despite this, the determinants of IBV epidemiology and the factors affecting its circulation are still largely unknown and poorly investigated. In the present study, 361 IBV QX (the most relevant field genotype in Italy) sequences were obtained between 2012 and 2016 from the two main Italian integrated poultry companies. Several biostatistical and bioinformatics approaches were used to reconstruct the history of the QX genotype in Italy and to assess the effect of different environmental, climatic and social factors on its spreading patterns. Moreover, two structured coalescent models were considered in order to investigate if an actual compartmentalization occurs between the two integrated poultry companies and the role of a third “ghost” deme, representative of minor industrial poultry companies and the rural sector. The obtained results suggest that the integration of the poultry companies is an effective barrier against IBV spreading, since the strains sampled from the two companies formed two essentially-independent clades. Remarkably, the only exceptions were represented by farms located in the high densely populated poultry area of Northern Italy. The inclusion of a third deme in the model revealed the likely role of other poultry companies and rural farms (particularly concentrated in Northern Italy) as sources of strain introduction into one of the major poultry companies, whose farms are mainly located in the high densely populated poultry area of Northern Italy. Accordingly, when the effect of different environmental and urban parameters on IBV geographic spreading was investigated, no factor seems to contribute to IBV dispersal velocity, being poultry population density the only exception. Finally, the different viral population pattern observed in the two companies over the same time period supports the pivotal role of management and control strategies on IBV epidemiology. Overall, the present study results stress the crucial relevance of human action rather than environmental factors, highlighting the direct benefits that could derive from improved management and organization of the poultry sector on a larger scale.

ACS Style

Giovanni Franzo; Claudia Maria Tucciarone; Ana Moreno; Matteo Legnardi; Paola Massi; Giovanni Tosi; Tiziana Trogu; Raffaella Ceruti; Patrizia Pesente; Giovanni Ortali; Luigi Gavazzi; Mattia Cecchinato. Phylodynamic analysis and evaluation of the balance between anthropic and environmental factors affecting IBV spreading among Italian poultry farms. Scientific Reports 2020, 10, 1 -11.

AMA Style

Giovanni Franzo, Claudia Maria Tucciarone, Ana Moreno, Matteo Legnardi, Paola Massi, Giovanni Tosi, Tiziana Trogu, Raffaella Ceruti, Patrizia Pesente, Giovanni Ortali, Luigi Gavazzi, Mattia Cecchinato. Phylodynamic analysis and evaluation of the balance between anthropic and environmental factors affecting IBV spreading among Italian poultry farms. Scientific Reports. 2020; 10 (1):1-11.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giovanni Franzo; Claudia Maria Tucciarone; Ana Moreno; Matteo Legnardi; Paola Massi; Giovanni Tosi; Tiziana Trogu; Raffaella Ceruti; Patrizia Pesente; Giovanni Ortali; Luigi Gavazzi; Mattia Cecchinato. 2020. "Phylodynamic analysis and evaluation of the balance between anthropic and environmental factors affecting IBV spreading among Italian poultry farms." Scientific Reports 10, no. 1: 1-11.

Short communication
Published: 11 April 2020 in Veterinary Microbiology
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This study describes an Aujeszky’s disease case in an adult male red fox found in an urban area in Central Italy, that exhibited a fatal infection with neurological lesions, but neither itching nor skin lesions. Diagnostic examinations included histology, and parasitological, bacteriological and virological analyses. Detection of parasitic enteric pathogens, bacteria, E. coli, Leptospira spp., rabies, canine distemper virus, parvovirus, hepatitis E virus and pseudorabies virus (PrV) was performed. Results showed the presence of a gE-deleted PrVthat was closely related to the NIA-3 strain but differed from the PrV strains currently circulating in wild boars and domestic pigs in Italy. All the results led to the conclusion that the fox suffered from Aujeszky's disease caused by a gE-deleted PrV strain closely related to a vaccine strain. The epidemiological link between the PrV vaccine strain and fox infection remains unclear. It could involve vaccinated pigs as a primary source of infection by direct or indirect contact with the red fox or less likely it could be related to improper use of the vaccine in the fox.

ACS Style

Ana Moreno; Chiara Chiapponi; Enrica Sozzi; Alessandra Morelli; Valentina Silenzi; Marco Gobbi; Antonio Lavazza; Marta Paniccià. Detection of a gE-deleted Pseudorabies virus strain in an Italian red fox. Veterinary Microbiology 2020, 244, 108666 .

AMA Style

Ana Moreno, Chiara Chiapponi, Enrica Sozzi, Alessandra Morelli, Valentina Silenzi, Marco Gobbi, Antonio Lavazza, Marta Paniccià. Detection of a gE-deleted Pseudorabies virus strain in an Italian red fox. Veterinary Microbiology. 2020; 244 ():108666.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ana Moreno; Chiara Chiapponi; Enrica Sozzi; Alessandra Morelli; Valentina Silenzi; Marco Gobbi; Antonio Lavazza; Marta Paniccià. 2020. "Detection of a gE-deleted Pseudorabies virus strain in an Italian red fox." Veterinary Microbiology 244, no. : 108666.

Communication
Published: 01 March 2020 in Animals
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Most of the newly emerging infections arise from animal reservoirs, frequently represented by wildlife species. Western European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) are mammalian hibernators, mainly nocturnal and insectivorous, living in natural open and green spaces as well as artificial, rural and urban, areas. They are generalist predators of macro-invertebrates, but they may also eat meat, bird eggs and on occasion pet food. These ecological and feeding habits, along with their high population densities, notable synanthropic attitudes, frequent contacts with sympatric wild and domestic species, including humans, implicate the possibility of intra- and interspecies interactions accounting for the possible involvement of E. europaeus in the ecology of several potentially emerging pathogens, including coronaviruses. Using PCR-based and virus isolation methods, we found that 58.3% of 24 hedgehogs’ fecal samples were PCR-positive for Erinaceus coronaviruses (EriCoVs). We did not observe any clinical disease related to the EriCoV infection in hedgehogs. However, the high mutation rates characterizing members of the Coronaviridae family and their potential successful interspecies host jumps—as that likely occurred in the Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) emergence—should be considered in the management of hedgehogs admitted to multi-species wildlife rehabilitation centers, recommending their return back to the original recovery areas. The Western European Hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is one of the four hedgehog species belonging to the genus Erinaceus. Among them, E. amurensis is extant in East Asia’s areas only, whereas E. europaeus, E. roumanicus and E. concolor are mainly found in Europe. E. europaeus is endemically distributed from western to central and southern Europe, including Italy. Western European hedgehogs’ ecological and feeding habits, along with their high population densities, notable synanthropic attitudes, frequent contacts with sympatric wild and domestic species, including humans, implicate the possible involvement of E. europaeus in the ecology of potentially emerging viruses, such as coronaviruses, influenza A and influenza D viruses, canine distemper virus, pestiviruses and Aujeszky’s disease virus. We examined 24 E. europaeus individuals found injured in urban and rural areas of Northern Italy. Of the 24 fecal samples collected and tested for the above-mentioned pathogens by both PCR-based and virus isolation methods, 14 were found PCR-positive for betacoronaviruses belonging to lineage C and related to the known Erinaceus coronaviruses (EriCoVs), as determined by partial sequencing of the virus genome. Our findings suggest that hedgehogs could be considered natural reservoirs of CoVs, and also act as chronic shedding carriers of these potentially emerging RNA viruses.

ACS Style

Mauro Delogu; Claudia Cotti; Davide Lelli; Enrica Sozzi; Tiziana Trogu; Antonio Lavazza; Giacomo Garuti; Maria Rita Castrucci; Gabriele Vaccari; Maria Alessandra De Marco; Ana Moreno. Eco-Virological Preliminary Study of Potentially Emerging Pathogens in Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) Recovered at a Wildlife Treatment and Rehabilitation Center in Northern Italy. Animals 2020, 10, 407 .

AMA Style

Mauro Delogu, Claudia Cotti, Davide Lelli, Enrica Sozzi, Tiziana Trogu, Antonio Lavazza, Giacomo Garuti, Maria Rita Castrucci, Gabriele Vaccari, Maria Alessandra De Marco, Ana Moreno. Eco-Virological Preliminary Study of Potentially Emerging Pathogens in Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) Recovered at a Wildlife Treatment and Rehabilitation Center in Northern Italy. Animals. 2020; 10 (3):407.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mauro Delogu; Claudia Cotti; Davide Lelli; Enrica Sozzi; Tiziana Trogu; Antonio Lavazza; Giacomo Garuti; Maria Rita Castrucci; Gabriele Vaccari; Maria Alessandra De Marco; Ana Moreno. 2020. "Eco-Virological Preliminary Study of Potentially Emerging Pathogens in Hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) Recovered at a Wildlife Treatment and Rehabilitation Center in Northern Italy." Animals 10, no. 3: 407.

Short communication
Published: 15 January 2020 in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
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The genus Pestivirus comprises globally distributed members of the family Flaviviridae, which cause severe losses in livestock. The most common species of the genus are bovine viral diarrhea virus type 1 (BVDV‐1) and type 2 (BVDV‐2), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and border disease virus (BDV). Recently, a novel ovine pestivirus was repeatedly detected in aborted lamb fetuses on a farm located in the Brescia Province (Italy). Complete genome characterization of this isolate showed that it was highly divergent from known pestivirus species and that it was genetically closely related to CSFV. The aim of this study was to determine the serological relatedness between the identified novel pestivirus and BVDV, BDV, and CSFV selected strains for which homologous serum was available, by antigenic characterization performed using cross‐neutralization assays. The serological relatedness was expressed as the coefficient of antigenic similarity (R). Both field and specific antisera raised against the ovine pestivirus neutralized the CSFV reference strain Diepholz with titers significantly higher than those specific for the BDV and BVDV strains. Furthermore, the calculated R values clearly indicated that the novel ovine pestivirus is antigenically more related to CSFV than to ruminant pestiviruses, in agreement with the results of the genomic analysis. This would have severe consequences on CSFV serology in the event of a switch to porcine hosts with implications for CSFV surveillance and porcine health management.

ACS Style

Cristina Casciari; Enrica Sozzi; Moira Bazzucchi; Ana Maria Moreno Martin; Alessandra Gaffuri; Monica Giammarioli; Antonio Lavazza; Gian Mario De Mia. Serological relationship between a novel ovine pestivirus and classical swine fever virus. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 2020, 67, 1406 -1410.

AMA Style

Cristina Casciari, Enrica Sozzi, Moira Bazzucchi, Ana Maria Moreno Martin, Alessandra Gaffuri, Monica Giammarioli, Antonio Lavazza, Gian Mario De Mia. Serological relationship between a novel ovine pestivirus and classical swine fever virus. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 2020; 67 (3):1406-1410.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cristina Casciari; Enrica Sozzi; Moira Bazzucchi; Ana Maria Moreno Martin; Alessandra Gaffuri; Monica Giammarioli; Antonio Lavazza; Gian Mario De Mia. 2020. "Serological relationship between a novel ovine pestivirus and classical swine fever virus." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 67, no. 3: 1406-1410.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2019 in Viruses
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Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is a newly recognized member of the Flaviviridae family. This novel porcine pestivirus was first described in 2015 in the USA, where it has been associated with congenital tremor type A-II in new-born piglets. APPV is widely distributed in domestic pigs in Europe and Asia. In this study, a virological survey was performed in Northern Italy to investigate the presence of APPV using molecular methods. Testing of 360 abortion samples from pig herds revealed two APPV strains from distinct provinces in the Lombardy region and testing of 430 wild boar blood samples revealed three strains, one from Lombardy and two from Emilia Romagna. The nucleotide sequencing of a fragment of the nonstructural protein 3-coding region revealed a high similarity to the previously detected European strains (Spanish, German, and Italian) of APPV.

ACS Style

Enrica Sozzi; Cristian Salogni; Davide Lelli; Ilaria Barbieri; Ana Moreno; Giovanni Loris Alborali; Antonio Lavazza. Molecular Survey and Phylogenetic Analysis of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) Identified in Swine and Wild Boar from Northern Italy. Viruses 2019, 11, 1142 .

AMA Style

Enrica Sozzi, Cristian Salogni, Davide Lelli, Ilaria Barbieri, Ana Moreno, Giovanni Loris Alborali, Antonio Lavazza. Molecular Survey and Phylogenetic Analysis of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) Identified in Swine and Wild Boar from Northern Italy. Viruses. 2019; 11 (12):1142.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enrica Sozzi; Cristian Salogni; Davide Lelli; Ilaria Barbieri; Ana Moreno; Giovanni Loris Alborali; Antonio Lavazza. 2019. "Molecular Survey and Phylogenetic Analysis of Atypical Porcine Pestivirus (APPV) Identified in Swine and Wild Boar from Northern Italy." Viruses 11, no. 12: 1142.

Communication
Published: 30 November 2019 in Viruses
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Influenza D virus (IDV) has been increasingly reported all over the world. Cattle are considered the major viral reservoir. Based on the hemagglutinin-esterase (HEF) gene, three main genetic and antigenic clusters have been identified: D/OK distributed worldwide, D/660 detected only in the USA and D/Japan in Japan. Up to 2017, all the Italian IDV isolates belonged to the D/OK genetic cluster. From January 2018 to May 2019, we performed virological surveillance for IDV from respiratory outbreaks in 725 bovine farms in Northern Italy by RT-PCR. Seventy-four farms were positive for IDV. A full or partial genome sequence was obtained from 29 samples. Unexpectedly, a phylogenetic analysis of the HEF gene showed the presence of 12 strains belonging to the D/660 cluster, previously unreported in Europe. The earliest D/660 strain was collected in March 2018 from cattle imported from France. Moreover, we detected one viral strain with a reassortant genetic pattern (PB2, PB1, P42, HEF and NP segments in the D/660 cluster, whilst P3 and NS segments in the D/OK cluster). These results confirm the circulation of IDV in the Italian cattle population and highlight the need to monitor the development of the spreading of this influenza virus in order to get more information about the epidemiology and the ecology of IDV viruses.

ACS Style

Chiara Chiapponi; Silvia Faccini; Alice Fusaro; Ana Moreno; Alice Prosperi; Marianna Merenda; Laura Baioni; Valentina Gabbi; Carlo Rosignoli; Giovanni L. Alborali; Lara Cavicchio; Isabella Monne; Camilla Torreggiani; Andrea Luppi; Emanuela Foni. Detection of a New Genetic Cluster of Influenza D Virus in Italian Cattle. Viruses 2019, 11, 1110 .

AMA Style

Chiara Chiapponi, Silvia Faccini, Alice Fusaro, Ana Moreno, Alice Prosperi, Marianna Merenda, Laura Baioni, Valentina Gabbi, Carlo Rosignoli, Giovanni L. Alborali, Lara Cavicchio, Isabella Monne, Camilla Torreggiani, Andrea Luppi, Emanuela Foni. Detection of a New Genetic Cluster of Influenza D Virus in Italian Cattle. Viruses. 2019; 11 (12):1110.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiara Chiapponi; Silvia Faccini; Alice Fusaro; Ana Moreno; Alice Prosperi; Marianna Merenda; Laura Baioni; Valentina Gabbi; Carlo Rosignoli; Giovanni L. Alborali; Lara Cavicchio; Isabella Monne; Camilla Torreggiani; Andrea Luppi; Emanuela Foni. 2019. "Detection of a New Genetic Cluster of Influenza D Virus in Italian Cattle." Viruses 11, no. 12: 1110.

Journal article
Published: 03 September 2019 in Viruses
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Lineage 2 West Nile virus (WNV) caused a vast epidemic in Europe in 2018, with the highest incidence being recorded in Italy. To reconstruct the evolutionary dynamics and epidemiological history of the virus in Italy, 53 envelope gene and 26 complete genome sequences obtained from human and animal samples were characterised by means of next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two Italian strains originating between 2010 and 2012: clade A, which apparently became extinct in 2013-2014, and clade B, which was responsible for the 2018 epidemic. The mean genetic distances in clade B increased over time and with the distance between sampling locations. Bayesian birth-death and coalescent skyline plots of the clade B showed that the effective number of infections and the effective reproduction number (Re) increased between 2015 and 2018. Our data suggest that WNV-2 entered Italy in 2011 as a result of one or a few penetration events. Clade B differentiated mainly as a result of genetic drift and purifying selection, leading to the appearance of multiple locally circulating sub-clades for different times. Phylodynamic analysis showed a current expansion of the infection among reservoir birds and/or vectors.

ACS Style

Carla Veo; Carla Della Ventura; Ana Moreno; Francesca Rovida; Elena Percivalle; Sabrina Canziani; Debora Torri; Mattia Calzolari; Fausto Baldanti; Massimo Galli; Gianguglielmo Zehender. Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lineage 2 West Nile Virus That Caused the Largest European Epidemic: Italy 2011-2018. Viruses 2019, 11, 814 .

AMA Style

Carla Veo, Carla Della Ventura, Ana Moreno, Francesca Rovida, Elena Percivalle, Sabrina Canziani, Debora Torri, Mattia Calzolari, Fausto Baldanti, Massimo Galli, Gianguglielmo Zehender. Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lineage 2 West Nile Virus That Caused the Largest European Epidemic: Italy 2011-2018. Viruses. 2019; 11 (9):814.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Carla Veo; Carla Della Ventura; Ana Moreno; Francesca Rovida; Elena Percivalle; Sabrina Canziani; Debora Torri; Mattia Calzolari; Fausto Baldanti; Massimo Galli; Gianguglielmo Zehender. 2019. "Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lineage 2 West Nile Virus That Caused the Largest European Epidemic: Italy 2011-2018." Viruses 11, no. 9: 814.

Journal article
Published: 13 August 2019 in Viruses
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Pestiviruses are distributed worldwide and are responsible for a variety of economically important diseases. They are not very host-specific, and thus sheep can be infected by well-known pestiviruses like bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and border disease virus (BDV), as well as by other recently discovered pestivirus species. The aim of this study is to describe the isolation and characterization of four pestivirus strains detected in aborted lamb fetuses from a single farm in the Brescia province (Northern Italy). A total of twelve aborted fetuses were collected and examined. After necropsy, organs were tested for the presence of infectious agents known as potential causes of abortion (Brucella spp., Listeria spp., Coxiella burnetii, Chlamydophila spp., Mycoplasma spp., Neospora caninum, and Toxoplasma gondii), and submitted to viral identification by isolation on Madin Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell culture and by PCR assay for Schmallenberg virus and pan-pestivirus RT-PCR real time assay. Three viral strains (Ovine/IT/1756/2017, Ovine/IT/338710-2/2017, and Ovine/IT/338710-3/2017) were isolated in the absence of cytopathic effects (CPEs) in cell cultures and identified with RT-PCR. Another pestivirus strain (Ovine/IT/16235-2/2018) was detected by PCR, but was not successfully isolated. Complete sequence genomic data of the three isolated viruses showed that they were highly similar, differed genetically from known pestivirus species, and were closely related to classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Beyond the identification of new ovine pestiviruses, this study indicates that a systematic diagnostic approach is important to identify the presence and map the distribution of both known and emerging pestiviruses.

ACS Style

Enrica Sozzi; Antonio Lavazza; Alessandra Gaffuri; Fabio Carlo Bencetti; Alice Prosperi; Davide Lelli; Chiara Chiapponi; Ana Moreno. Isolation and Full-Length Sequence Analysis of a Pestivirus from Aborted Lamb Fetuses in Italy. Viruses 2019, 11, 744 .

AMA Style

Enrica Sozzi, Antonio Lavazza, Alessandra Gaffuri, Fabio Carlo Bencetti, Alice Prosperi, Davide Lelli, Chiara Chiapponi, Ana Moreno. Isolation and Full-Length Sequence Analysis of a Pestivirus from Aborted Lamb Fetuses in Italy. Viruses. 2019; 11 (8):744.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Enrica Sozzi; Antonio Lavazza; Alessandra Gaffuri; Fabio Carlo Bencetti; Alice Prosperi; Davide Lelli; Chiara Chiapponi; Ana Moreno. 2019. "Isolation and Full-Length Sequence Analysis of a Pestivirus from Aborted Lamb Fetuses in Italy." Viruses 11, no. 8: 744.