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The intensification of the Baltic Sea eutrophication is associated with the increase of anthropogenic nutrients loads, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus introduced into surface waters from a diffuse, point and natural background sources. Despite the observed decreasing trends in nutrient concentrations in some parts of the Baltic Sea, eutrophication-related indicators continue to deteriorate. This accelerates harmful algal blooms and dissolved oxygen deficits resulting in severe ecosystem disturbance. The paper presents trends, insights and effects of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive 91/271/EEC implementation in Poland based on the nutrient riverine loads from Polish territory with particular attention given to the development of municipal wastewater treatment plants under the National Wastewater Treatment Programme 2003–2016. Environmental effects of wastewater infrastructure modernisation are investigated by using available data on the changing nutrient concentrations in the coastal water in 3 basins (Gdansk Basin, Bornholm Basin and Eastern Gotland Basin) belonging to the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone within the Baltic Sea. The results show that the decreasing trend regarding phosphorus loads reduction from municipal effluents was achieved while a stable trend with temporary increases was achieved in terms of nitrogen loads. Moreover, the investigation provides information about the potential bioavailability of discharged effluents before and after the Directive implementation by including total and inorganic forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in the analysis.
Michał Preisner; Marzena Smol; Dominika Szołdrowska. Trends, insights and effects of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) implementation in the light of the Polish coastal zone eutrophication. Environmental Management 2021, 67, 342 -354.
AMA StyleMichał Preisner, Marzena Smol, Dominika Szołdrowska. Trends, insights and effects of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) implementation in the light of the Polish coastal zone eutrophication. Environmental Management. 2021; 67 (2):342-354.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Preisner; Marzena Smol; Dominika Szołdrowska. 2021. "Trends, insights and effects of the Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive (91/271/EEC) implementation in the light of the Polish coastal zone eutrophication." Environmental Management 67, no. 2: 342-354.
An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Michał Preisner; Elena Neverova-Dziopak; Zbigniew Kowalewski. Correction to: An Analytical Review of Different Approaches to Wastewater Discharge Standards with Particular Emphasis on Nutrients. Environmental Management 2020, 66, 732 -732.
AMA StyleMichał Preisner, Elena Neverova-Dziopak, Zbigniew Kowalewski. Correction to: An Analytical Review of Different Approaches to Wastewater Discharge Standards with Particular Emphasis on Nutrients. Environmental Management. 2020; 66 (4):732-732.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Preisner; Elena Neverova-Dziopak; Zbigniew Kowalewski. 2020. "Correction to: An Analytical Review of Different Approaches to Wastewater Discharge Standards with Particular Emphasis on Nutrients." Environmental Management 66, no. 4: 732-732.
Despite the implementation of strict legal standards concerning nutrient loads within wastewater discharges in all European Union (EU) Member States it was not possible to achieve good ecological and chemical water status by 2015 in all EU countries. The main reasons for this situation are the imperfections of the legislation tools regarding the standardization of wastewater quality and the methodology of determining the conditions for wastewater introduction into receivers. The study aims to review and analyze the currently existing in various countries legal regulations setting the standards for wastewater discharged into receivers, which were intended for surface water protection and eutrophication mitigation. Besides the EU effluent standards, the regional and national regulations in chosen EU Member States (e.g., Germany, Sweden, and Denmark) have been reviewed. Moreover, the Helsinki Commission recommendations for signatory countries within the Baltic Sea catchment and the approaches for wastewater quality standardization in non-EU countries (e.g., Russia, Belarus, Switzerland, China, USA, Canada, and Dubai) were assessed. The analysis of the reviewed legal regulations allowed to diversify the methodological approaches for setting effluent quality standards in different regions and countries and to assess the effectiveness of existing legal tools in the field of eutrophication mitigation with the consideration of the environmental and economic reasonability. The results suggest that the receiver-oriented policies used among others in Switzerland and China are the most reasonable in terms of eutrophication mitigation.
Michał Preisner; Elena Neverova-Dziopak; Zbigniew Kowalewski. An Analytical Review of Different Approaches to Wastewater Discharge Standards with Particular Emphasis on Nutrients. Environmental Management 2020, 66, 694 -708.
AMA StyleMichał Preisner, Elena Neverova-Dziopak, Zbigniew Kowalewski. An Analytical Review of Different Approaches to Wastewater Discharge Standards with Particular Emphasis on Nutrients. Environmental Management. 2020; 66 (4):694-708.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Preisner; Elena Neverova-Dziopak; Zbigniew Kowalewski. 2020. "An Analytical Review of Different Approaches to Wastewater Discharge Standards with Particular Emphasis on Nutrients." Environmental Management 66, no. 4: 694-708.
The study is an attempt to assess the pollution impact on the aquatic ecosystem related with an emergency discharge of untreated municipal wastewater from the “Czajka” wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Warsaw. The present case study is based on the analysis of available monitoring data for chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (N-NH4), and total phosphorus (TP) in the effluent mixing zone (MZ), the stretch of the river and before the discharge point. Data analysis was supported by a basic statistical analysis based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The results proved the importance of efficient and reliable nutrient removal technologies used in modern WWTPs. A statistically significant correlation was achieved between the COD (r = 0.567) and TP (r = 0.714) discharged loads and their concentration in the MZ. However, no significant correlation has been identified with TN and N-NH4. Furthermore, the dissolved oxygen (DO) deficits in the MZ were observed within 7 days of the discharge period resulting in an average DO concentration decrease from 8.4 to 7.1 mgO2/L. The river stretch has not been affected by DO deficits while the average observed DO concentration 30 km behind the discharge point was 9.1 mgO2/L. The analysis results present the pollutants assimilation capacity of a river ecosystem and its real reaction to sudden excessive nutrient loads discharge.
Michał Preisner. Surface Water Pollution by Untreated Municipal Wastewater Discharge Due to a Sewer Failure. Environmental Processes 2020, 7, 767 -780.
AMA StyleMichał Preisner. Surface Water Pollution by Untreated Municipal Wastewater Discharge Due to a Sewer Failure. Environmental Processes. 2020; 7 (3):767-780.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Preisner. 2020. "Surface Water Pollution by Untreated Municipal Wastewater Discharge Due to a Sewer Failure." Environmental Processes 7, no. 3: 767-780.
Mitigation of eutrophication, intensified by excessive nutrient load discharge in wastewaters regulated by restrictive legal requirements, remains one of today’s most important global problems. Despite implementation of the Water Framework Directive, the Urban Wastewater Directive and the HELCOM recommendations, the actual condition of surface water is still not satisfactory. In response to the above, the study presents an alternative approach for surface water protection against eutrophication based on the selection of appropriate nutrient removal technologies. An activated sludge model simulation was used to enable the identification of environmentally justified nutrient removal systems with lowest eutrophication potential of treated wastewater conditioned by bioavailable nutrient forms content. Based on the outcome of the study, the 3-stage Bardenpho system was identified as the most efficient for bioavailable phosphorus removal, while the Johannesburg system proved to have the highest efficiency for bioavailable nitrogen removal. The proposed eutrophication mitigation approach underlines the need for a reconsideration of current legal regulations which ignore nutrient bioavailability and key eutrophication limiting factors.
Michał Preisner; Elena Neverova-Dziopak; Zbigniew Kowalewski. Mitigation of eutrophication caused by wastewater discharge: A simulation-based approach. Ambio 2020, 50, 413 -424.
AMA StyleMichał Preisner, Elena Neverova-Dziopak, Zbigniew Kowalewski. Mitigation of eutrophication caused by wastewater discharge: A simulation-based approach. Ambio. 2020; 50 (2):413-424.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMichał Preisner; Elena Neverova-Dziopak; Zbigniew Kowalewski. 2020. "Mitigation of eutrophication caused by wastewater discharge: A simulation-based approach." Ambio 50, no. 2: 413-424.
One of the main factors of the increased eutrophication level of surface waters is the high anthropogenic loads of biogenic substances discharged into water bodies. Municipal wastewaters, containing large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus play one of the key roles in the acceleration of eutrophication intensity. The main direction in the prevention of eutrophication caused by wastewater discharge has become the reduction of nutrient loads introduced to wastewater receivers in accordance with strict legal requirements achievable only in advanced technologies. The treated wastewater quality standards are actually developed for total nitrogen and total phosphorus content, disregarding the fact that eutrophication potential of treated wastewater is determined by the content of non-organic nutrient forms directly bioavailable for water vegetation. That is why the currently used energy-consuming and expensive technologies do not always guarantee effective protection against eutrophication and its consequences. The goal of the study was to analyze the most widely used wastewater treatment technologies for enhanced biological nutrients removal in treated wastewater eutrophication potential. For this purpose, an analysis of the operation of 18 wastewater treatment plants based on different technologies in Finland, Canada, Poland, Russia and the United States was realized. The analysis concluded that the eutrophication potential of treated wastewater to a large extent is conditioned by the applied technology. The results of the research concluded that the eutrophication potential can serve an important criterion for decision-making regarding the proper selection of wastewater treatment technologies aimed at eutrophication mitigation.
M. Preisner; E. Neverova-Dziopak; Z. Kowalewski. Analysis of eutrophication potential of municipal wastewater. Water Science and Technology 2020, 81, 1994 -2003.
AMA StyleM. Preisner, E. Neverova-Dziopak, Z. Kowalewski. Analysis of eutrophication potential of municipal wastewater. Water Science and Technology. 2020; 81 (9):1994-2003.
Chicago/Turabian StyleM. Preisner; E. Neverova-Dziopak; Z. Kowalewski. 2020. "Analysis of eutrophication potential of municipal wastewater." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 9: 1994-2003.
Despite the significant reduction of phosphorus (P) discharge in the Baltic Sea in the last decades, obtained through the implementation of some approaches within the Helsinki Convention, eutrophication is still considered the biggest problem for the Baltic Sea environment. Consequently, the reduction of P load is an urgent need to solve, but the complexity of both the environmental and legislative context of the area makes this process difficult (more than in the past). Eutrophication is an intricate issue requiring a proper framework of governance that is not easy to determine in the Baltic Sea Region where the needs of several different countries converge. To identify the most suitable strategy to reduce the eutrophication in the Baltic Sea, the InPhos project (no. 17022, 2018–2019, funded by the European Institute of Innovation & Technology (EIT) Raw Materials) adopted a holistic approach considering technical, political, economic, environmental and social aspects of P management. With the aims to raise awareness about the P challenge, foster the dialogue among all the stakeholders, and find solutions already developed in other countries (such as Germany and Switzerland) to be transferred in the Baltic Sea Region, the InPhos project consortium applied the methodology proposed in this paper, consisting of three main phases: (i) analysis of the available technologies to remove P from waste streams that contribute to eutrophication; (ii) analysis of the main streams involving P in Baltic Sea countries to highlight the potential of more sustainable and circular P management; (iii) study of the current context (e.g., already-existing initiatives and issues). This approach allowed us to identify four categories of recommendations and practical actions proposed to improve P management in the Baltic Sea region. During the project, the consortium mainly addressed social aspects. Following steps beyond the project will be more quantitative to determine the techno-economic feasibility of circular P management in selected demo cases in the region.
Marzena Smol; Michał Preisner; Augusto Bianchini; Jessica Rossi; Ludwig Hermann; Tanja Schaaf; Jolita Kruopienė; Kastytis Pamakštys; Maris Klavins; Ruta Ozola-Davidane; Daina Kalnina; Elina Strade; Viktoria Voronova; Karin Pachel; Xiaosheng Yang; Britt-Marie Steenari; Magdalena Svanström. Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project. Sustainability 2020, 12, 2567 .
AMA StyleMarzena Smol, Michał Preisner, Augusto Bianchini, Jessica Rossi, Ludwig Hermann, Tanja Schaaf, Jolita Kruopienė, Kastytis Pamakštys, Maris Klavins, Ruta Ozola-Davidane, Daina Kalnina, Elina Strade, Viktoria Voronova, Karin Pachel, Xiaosheng Yang, Britt-Marie Steenari, Magdalena Svanström. Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (6):2567.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarzena Smol; Michał Preisner; Augusto Bianchini; Jessica Rossi; Ludwig Hermann; Tanja Schaaf; Jolita Kruopienė; Kastytis Pamakštys; Maris Klavins; Ruta Ozola-Davidane; Daina Kalnina; Elina Strade; Viktoria Voronova; Karin Pachel; Xiaosheng Yang; Britt-Marie Steenari; Magdalena Svanström. 2020. "Strategies for Sustainable and Circular Management of Phosphorus in the Baltic Sea Region: The Holistic Approach of the InPhos Project." Sustainability 12, no. 6: 2567.
One of the key elements in the transformation towards a circular economy (CE) is providing more sustainable practices for resources and waste management. Improvement actions focused on transformation towards a CE should be targeted at all groups of materials and waste. As water is essential for human survival and well-being and plays a significant role in sustainable development (SD), the actions related to the reuse of water and the recovery of raw materials from wastewater and other water-based waste should be taken. The paper presents a proposition for a new CE model framework in the water and wastewater sector, which includes the six following actions: reduction—prevent wastewater generation in the first place by the reduction of water usage and pollution reduction at source; reclamation (removal)—an application of effective technologies for the removal of pollutants from water and wastewater; reuse—reuse of wastewater as an alternative source of water supply (non-potable usage), recycling—recovery of water from wastewater for potable usage; recovery—recovery of resources such as nutrients and energy from water-based waste, and rethink—rethinking how to use resources to create a sustainable economy, which is `free` of waste and emissions. The novelty of the proposed CE model framework is that it presents possible ways of implementing CE principles in the water and wastewater sector, with a strong emphasis not only technological but also organisational and societal changes. Application of the proposed model may help to further transform the European economy to the CE model. Moreover, the indicated model can be significant tool supporting an assessment of local or regional progress towards CE in the water and wastewater sector and further environmental management and planning.
Marzena Smol; Christian Adam; Michał Preisner. Circular economy model framework in the European water and wastewater sector. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 2020, 22, 682 -697.
AMA StyleMarzena Smol, Christian Adam, Michał Preisner. Circular economy model framework in the European water and wastewater sector. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management. 2020; 22 (3):682-697.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarzena Smol; Christian Adam; Michał Preisner. 2020. "Circular economy model framework in the European water and wastewater sector." Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 22, no. 3: 682-697.
Elena Neverova-Dziopak; Michał Preisner. WPŁYW TECHNOLOGII OCZYSZCZANIA ŚCIEKÓW NA ICH POTENCJAŁ EUTROFIZUJĄCY. Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture 2016, 1 .
AMA StyleElena Neverova-Dziopak, Michał Preisner. WPŁYW TECHNOLOGII OCZYSZCZANIA ŚCIEKÓW NA ICH POTENCJAŁ EUTROFIZUJĄCY. Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture. 2016; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleElena Neverova-Dziopak; Michał Preisner. 2016. "WPŁYW TECHNOLOGII OCZYSZCZANIA ŚCIEKÓW NA ICH POTENCJAŁ EUTROFIZUJĄCY." Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture , no. : 1.