Research on the Malay cultural landscape in the Malay Archipelago is based on several factors, which include function, tradition, and the Malay culture. These factors are widely found in Malay literature, which plays a significant role in designing the landscape of Malay culture. Malay literature includes Old Malay manuscripts, Hikayat Melayu (Malay folktales), and Malay poetry, all of which are based on the beliefs, mindsets, and culture of the Malay community. These are demonstrated in a tangible or intangible manner through the environment of the traditional Malay lifestyle, inherent in Malay life values and in the symbolism of places. This review employed a document analysis to identify the elements and components of the Malay cultural landscape and its metaphorical aspects, as reflected in the aforementioned four types of Malay literature. Moreover, this review obtained information on the elements of the Malay cultural landscape that determine and explain the nature, function, and similarity of these aspects through symbolism in the landscape and culture of the Malays in Malaysia. Indirectly, this review proved the long existence of a systematic Malay cultural landscape throughout the Malay Archipelago that remains essential for future cultural sustainability. Finally, elements of the Malay landscape were identified, which could be applied as guidelines for designers in outlining a Malay cultural landscape.

Lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) can be modified to have a reliable amount of compression protection, making it possibly to be used in low-rise building as load-bearing walls. LFC with coir fibre has experienced massive improvement in its strength compared to the normal LFC. Therefore, this particular investigation explores the contribution of coir fibre in the lightweight walling construction in terms of structural behaviour under axial compression. Fundamental steps need to be carried out to investigate thoroughly its behaviour before this innovative product can be used in practice. Coir fibre has potential to be used as replacement for the coarse aggregate in concrete to produce structural concrete. The experimental results shown that when 1400kg/m3 and 700kg/m3 density samples were associated to become one single solid concrete, the total density will be reduced and the thermal performance of the concrete will be enhanced. In this case, the panel recorded higher strength under compression than the control specimen. Due to the integrity of the reinforcing agent, the panel yielded better enhancements in the structural behaviour because natural fibres have strong resistance upon compression.

Nowadays, the high cost of conventional construction material becomes the dominating factor which affecting the housing system in our country. As an alternative method to overcome this disadvantage which is decreasing the strength of the building, it is important to do research on any alternating materials which will decrease the cost and increase the strength of concrete. This conventional construction material likewise made some problems to nature. But coconut fiber, which is natural fiber, makes no impact on environment furthermore increases the strength of concrete compares to other fiber. This paper focuses on the investigation and experimental analysis on the physical characteristics of lightweight foamed concrete (LFC) incorporating coconut fibers composites with different volume percentage of fibers 0.2 and 0.4. LFC is produced by cement paste or mortar in which air-voids are entrapped in the mortar by the suitable foaming agent. Two densities of LFC, 850 and 1200 kg/m³, were cast and tested. Approximately 0.75% of cement percentage of super plasticizer was used to enhance workability of the fresh mix. The results of the test showed that the both of physical properties of the concrete increases with curing age and quantity of coconut fiber.

The term Islamic garden has been defined in various ways considering different aspects and values. These definitions draw a broader perspective to Islamic garden, a key feature of Islamic civilization throughout the history. This paper aims to analyze these views and compare them in order to reach toward a holistic definition for Islamic garden- its origin, evolution, principles and essence. Also searching for a way to revitalize the original essence and application of Islamic gardens in the contemporary societies are discussed in a brief way.

Systematic distribution and management strategy of urban green spaces has proved to have positive impact (positively influenced) on aesthetic features of urban environment. This translated into greater neighbourhood and visitors' improved overall satisfaction. However, on the contrary, this manifests to affect the natural features of the urban environment, leading to non-negligible dissatisfaction. Careful consideration of green space is judged based on their particular necessity in terms of quality and service provision towards the desirable development of Putrajaya. In this study, 386 samples are considered based on Krejcie and Morgan 1970 sample size formula. The results obtained indicated a strong positive relationship between urban green space attributes and satisfaction. Whereas, results of regression analysis shows that the entire predicting variables have significant unique contribution in determining satisfaction to urban green spaces visitors' in Putrajaya.