This paper aims to present the documentation and analysis methodology carried out on a lead trap from the ancient period, which belongs to the collection of traps in the Museum of Cádiz (Andalusia, Spain). The anchor stock had some interesting characteristics for this research. On the one hand, from the point of view of conservation and restoration, due to the alterations it presented. On the other hand, from a historical and archaeological point of view, it showed signs of reliefs on its surface hidden under the alteration products. The removal of the different layers of alteration that covered the surface during conservation and restoration treatments revealed an unpublished iconographic and epigraphic programme, as well as possible marks of use and manufacture. The poor state of conservation of the original surface made it impossible to visualise the details as a whole, so we applied photogrammetric methods, and subsequently processed models using various GIS analysis and point cloud processing softwares.Two photogrammetric models (in Agisoft PhotoScan) were made to document the trap in general: one prior to the conservation and restoration process; and a second three-dimensional (3D) model once the surface had been cleaned. The purpose of the second model was to visualise the reliefs programme in general, as well as the different surface details. The first complete 3D model of the object was used to perform a virtual reconstruction of the anchor including the elements that did not preserve, using a 3D modelling program (Blender).Nine areas of the stock surface were selected for the analyses of the various iconographic and epigraphic features, which were documented and processed in Agisoft PhotoScan. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and point cloud models were then processed with different analyses tools in Geographic Information System (GIS) (such as QGIS) and point cloud processing software (CloudCompare). Our results document a piece of highly interesting information from its surface consisting of reliefs of four dolphins; at least four rectangular stamps: two of them with possible inscriptions, and an anthropomorphic figure. Thanks to the comparative data, we conclude that the four dolphins were made with the same stamp during the stock manufacturing process. Further, we were able to reconstruct the dolphin stamp, partially preserved in each of the reliefs, by unifying the 3D models, thus revealing the original set. This system of stamping by means of reusable dies is well known in other elements such as amphorae but has not been studied in the specific case of lead traps.In the case of the epigraphic elements, the 3D documentation methodology revealed numerous micro-surface details, not visible under conventional documentation techniques, which could help specialists to interpret these inscriptions. Although they have not been analysed in this research, its documentation has promoted the appreciation of surface details that could refer to the manufacturing processes (moulds and tools) or the traces of use, providing historical information on this object. At the same time, the virtual reconstruction of the anchor has aided the formation of hypotheses on the dimensions and original appearance of the anchor. The different tools used, such as raster analysis using shadow mapping and point cloud alignment, proved to be very effective. They have fulfilled the established objectives and have helped to establish a possible analysis methodology for future lead traps with decorative elements. These types of artefacts recovered from underwater sites are very common in museum collections. In many cases, their state of conservation and the difficulty in handling them due to their size and weight make it difficult to document surface details. In this case, the multidisciplinary work of conservation and 3D documentation allows for high-quality documentation that is easy to access and exchange between researchers. The combined use of photogrammetric techniques with virtual RTI provides a non-invasive method for the object, low cost and easy processing compared to other conventional methods.

This article observes the main trends in GPR research through a bibliometric analysis of a large corpus of contributions published between 1996 and 2021. This review aims to identify the scope of a flourishing methodology that has changed with technological advances and improvements. GPR research is at a similar development stage to other geophysical analysis techniques. Among archaeologists and historians interested in applying new techniques, the use of GPR has emerged as a critical tool to review historical themes. Covering from a new perspective with possibilities of success to the extent that there is active collaboration with experts who bring to the research experience an appropriate multidisciplinary prism. This allowed us to highlight positive experiences and errors that help us improve and move forward. This article is presented in two distinct but ultimately complementary parts. First, bibliometric analysis of the use of GPR in archaeology is addressed based on Publish or Perish Software. Second, we narrow the discussion using GPR results applied to rural/urban archaeological contexts from Roman times and how they can contribute to the knowledge of past societies, being an essential resource for understanding the historical expression of the occupation, management, and uses of the territory and landscape.

Um dos problemas que se coloca na investigação das cidades romanas provinciais é a determinação do seu perímetro a partir do registo de superfície. Com efeito, nem sempre é fácil a partir de dados de prospeção distinguir o pomerium da cidade, das construções que se edificaram na sua envolvente como acontece com o municipium flávio de Balsa. A cidade romana de Balsa, situada no sul da Lusitânia, tem frequentemente sido referida como uma importante e extensa cidade, cujos vestígios foram em grande parte destruídos por trabalhos agrícolas. No entanto, apesar de tentativas de reconstituição desta cidade portuária, as escavações realizadasforam muito limitadas e pontuais e nunca houve no terreno uma investigação sistemática. Com o projeto, Balsa, Searching the origins of Algarve, procurou‑se, através de intensas prospeções geofísicas não invasivas e sondagens pontuais, esclarecer a dimensão da malha urbana e grau de preservação da antiga urbs, de que se conhece um extenso e rico espólio oriundo das suas necrópoles e uma interessante epigrafia honorífica e funerária. Osresultados obtidos têm permitido verificar que se trata de uma cidade muito mais pequena do que se pensava, mas com um importante conjunto de villae em seu torno que foi frequentemente confundido com a extensão da sua malha urbana.

Along the Southeast coast of the Iberian Peninsula are numerous remains linked to the ancient purple exploitation destined for elaborating dyes. Our study focused on analysing the Torregarcía’s site (Almeria, Spain), which is set in the Cabo de Gata-Níjar Natural Park, a protected coastal space of huge ecological interest. Torregarcía was excavated in the 1980s. Despite its importance, it has remained invisible to the historiography of the last three decades due to the lack of scientific publications on the matter. The current archaeological works, performed by non-invasive prospection techniques, such as GPR, magnetometer or UAV, revealed the relevance of purple exploitation as one of the main activities and have made possible the documentation of more complex facilities associated with excavated structures and the extensive shell midden. Along with these, other buildings and shell middens have been found throughout the coast of this location. This study emphasised the first results of the 2019 and 2021 campaigns.

• Los aspectos cronológicos y organizativos de las factorías de salazones gaditanas, estu- diados a través de vestigios de diversa naturaleza, permiten reconsiderar la evolución económica de la ciudad durante la época romana, ofreciendo también elementos para su comparación con otros enclaves peninsulares y para la restitución del pulso económico del litoral de las provincias Baetica y Lusitania.• A study, through a variety of remains, of the chronological and organizational aspects of the preserved fish industry of Gades, enables us to reconsider the city's economic evolution during the Roman Empire : it affords the opportunity to compare with other peninsular sites and to feel the pulse of the economy along the coasts of Baetica and Lusitania.• Les aspects chronologiques et l'organisation de la conserverie gaditane, étudiés à travers des vestiges de nature diverse, permettent de reconsidérer l'évolution économique de la cité pendant l'époque romaine, offrant ainsi des éléments pour une comparaison avec d'autres enclaves péninsulaires et pour la restitution du "pouls" économique du littoral des provinces Baetica et Lusitania.Lagostena Barrios Lazaro Gabriel. Cetariae Gaditanae : La industria pesquero-conservera gaditana en época romana. In: Dialogues d'histoire ancienne, vol. 27, n°2, 2001. pp. 91-104